Department of Medicine, State University of Central-West, Guarapuava, Brazil.
Instituto Federal do Paraná, Irati, Brazil.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Mar 19;12:627167. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.627167. eCollection 2021.
The increased incidence of thyroid diseases raises a series of questions about what the main predisposing factors are nowadays. If dietary restriction of iodine was once a major global health concern, today, the processes of industrialization of food and high exposure to a wide variety of environmental chemicals may be affecting, directly or indirectly, thyroid function. The homeostasis of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is finely regulated through the negative feedback mechanism exerted by thyroid hormones. Allostatic mechanisms are triggered to adjust the physiology of HPT axis in chronic conditions. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides are pesticides with controversial endocrine disrupting activities and only few studies have approached their effects on HPT axis and thyroid function. However, glyphosate has an electrophilic and nucleophilic zwitterion chemical structure that may affect the mechanisms involved in iodide oxidation and organification, as well as the oxidative phosphorylation in the ATP synthesis. Thus, in this review, we aimed to: (1) discuss the critical points in the regulation of HPT axis and thyroid hormones levels balance, which may be susceptible to the toxic action of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, correlating the molecular mechanisms involved in glyphosate toxicity described in the literature that may, directly or indirectly, be associated to the higher incidence of thyroid diseases; and (2) present the literature regarding glyphosate toxicity in HPT axis.
甲状腺疾病发病率的增加引发了一系列问题，即现今的主要致病因素是什么。如果说碘的饮食限制曾经是一个重大的全球健康问题，那么如今，食品工业化和广泛接触各种环境化学物质的过程可能直接或间接地影响甲状腺功能。下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺（HPT）轴的内稳态通过甲状腺激素发挥的负反馈机制得到精细调节。在慢性疾病中，会触发适应性机制来调节 HPT 轴的生理学。草甘膦和草甘膦类除草剂是具有争议的内分泌干扰活性的农药，只有少数研究探讨了它们对 HPT 轴和甲状腺功能的影响。然而，草甘膦具有亲电和亲核两性离子化学结构，可能会影响碘氧化和有机化以及 ATP 合成中的氧化磷酸化所涉及的机制。因此，在这篇综述中，我们旨在：（1）讨论 HPT 轴和甲状腺激素水平平衡的调节要点，这些要点可能容易受到草甘膦和草甘膦类除草剂的毒性作用的影响，将文献中描述的草甘膦毒性相关的分子机制与甲状腺疾病发病率升高相关联；（2）介绍有关草甘膦对 HPT 轴毒性的文献。
