Quaranta Emanuele, Dorati Chiara, Pistocchi Alberto
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
ARHS Italia www.arhs-group.com, External Consultant for the European Commission, Italy.
J Hydrol Reg Stud. 2021 Apr;34:100772. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100772.
This study considers daily time series of 14 years of weather parameters (temperature, wind speed, rainfall, vapor pressure and radiation) for 671 functional urban areas (FUA) across Europe, from a latitude of 35° (Cyprus) to 65° (Finland).
Quantification of urban greening effects usually requires relatively complex and integrated models. In this contribution, we apply well-established hydrological, biomass and energy balance equations to derive meta-models for the estimation of runoff reduction, urban surface heating and thermal protection of buildings, in order to quantify the effects of the greening of 1 m of impervious surface (e.g. roofs, sealed ground surfaces and underground parking lots).
We propose empirical meta-models for the quick appraisal of urban greening benefits including: urban runoff reduction due to soil water retention and evapotranspiration, land surface temperature reduction, reduction of the indoor temperature beneath the greened surface, dry biomass growth. We show that the choice of vegetation growth parameters has a limited effect on the results, although the amount of produced bulk biomass obviously depends on vegetation type. The proposed meta-models can be applied for the assessment of urban greening benefits at the stage of policy evaluation, land planning and the programming of investments at regional or continental scale, before undertaking more detailed and site-specific calculations as required in the design phase.
本研究考虑了欧洲671个功能城市区域（FUA）14年天气参数（温度、风速、降雨量、水汽压和辐射）的每日时间序列，范围从北纬35°（塞浦路斯）到65°（芬兰）。
城市绿化效果的量化通常需要相对复杂的综合模型。在本论文中，我们应用成熟的水文、生物量和能量平衡方程来推导元模型，以估算径流减少、城市地表加热和建筑物热保护，从而量化1米不透水表面（如屋顶、密封地面和地下停车场）绿化的效果。
我们提出了经验元模型，用于快速评估城市绿化效益，包括：由于土壤保水和蒸散导致的城市径流减少、地表温度降低、绿化表面下方室内温度降低、干生物量增长。我们表明，植被生长参数的选择对结果影响有限，尽管产生的总生物量明显取决于植被类型。所提出的元模型可用于在政策评估、土地规划以及区域或大陆规模的投资规划阶段评估城市绿化效益，然后再根据设计阶段的要求进行更详细的特定地点计算。
