Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
PLoS One. 2021 Apr 7;16(4):e0249635. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249635. eCollection 2021.
The present study investigated whether a difference exists in reactive and proactive control for sport considered open or closed skills dominated. Sixteen young (11-12 years) athletes (eight soccer players and eight swimmers) were asked to be engaged into two games competitions that required either a reactive and a proactive type of control. By means of kinematic (i.e. movement time and duration) and dynamic analysis through the force platform (i.e. Anticipatory Postural Adjustments, APAs), we evaluated the level of ability and stability in reacting and anticipating actions. Results indicated that soccer players outperformed swimmers by showing higher stability and a smaller number of falls during the competition where proactive control was mainly required. Soccer players were able to reach that result by anticipating actions through well-modulated APAs. On the contrary, during the competition where reactive control was mainly required, performances were comparable between groups. Therefore, the development of specific action control is already established at 11-12 years of age and is enhanced by the training specificity.
本研究旨在探讨运动技能的开放性或封闭性是否会影响反应性和前摄性控制的差异。16 名年轻（11-12 岁）运动员（8 名足球运动员和 8 名游泳运动员）被要求参与两种比赛，这两种比赛都需要反应性和前摄性控制。通过运动学（即运动时间和持续时间）和力平台的动力学分析（即预期姿势调整，APAs），我们评估了反应和预期动作的能力和稳定性水平。结果表明，足球运动员在需要主要进行前摄控制的比赛中表现出更高的稳定性和更少的摔倒次数，从而优于游泳运动员。足球运动员能够通过良好调节的 APAs 预测动作来达到这一结果。相反，在需要主要进行反应性控制的比赛中，两组的表现相当。因此，11-12 岁时已经建立了特定的动作控制发展，并且通过训练的特异性得到了增强。
