Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Mechanical and Robotic Engineering Program, School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2021 May;73:105529. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105529. Epub 2021 Mar 15.
Two-stage continuous production process for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from crude palm oil was performed using the rotor-stator hydrocavitation reactor. The novel ABS filament printed rotor having spherical holes on the surface of the rotor which is an efficient, fast and cost-effective procedure, was installed in the stainless steel stator of hydrosonic reactor. The 3D printed hydrosonic reactor was used to treat the FFA-rich in MCPO by esterification and followed by transesterification to produce the methyl ester. The optimum conditions of both esterification and transesterification processes were determined using the response surface methodology (RSM). For the 1st step esterification, the conditions of methanol 17.7 vol%, sulfuric acid 2.9 vol%, 3000 rpm rotor speed, hole's diameter and depth 4 and 6 mm, and 25 L/h MCPO, were used for decreasing the FFA from 11.456 to 1.028 wt%. For the 2nd step, transesterification was employed with the optimal condition of 28.6 vol% methanol, 6.2 g/L of potassium hydroxide, 3000 rpm rotor speed, the dimension of the spherical holes on the rotor's surface having diameter of 6.4 mm and 6.2 mm in depth, and esterified oil flow rate 25 L/h, for producing the methyl ester to over 99.163 wt%. Moreover, the purified biodiesel yields and the average energy consumption for the entire two-stage continuous process between hydrosonic and ultrasonic clamp reactors were compared. The results of purified methyl ester clearly indicate that the methyl esters of 99.163 wt% and 97.814 wt% were achieved from hydrosonic and ultrasonic clamp reactors, respectively, under the same optimized conditions. The maximum yields of purified biodiesel were 97.51 vol% and 88.69 vol% using hydrosonic and ultrasonic clamp reactors, respectively. The average energy consumption for the entire continuous two-stage process for both hydrosonic and ultrasonic clamp reactors were 0.049 and 0.056 kW h/L, respectively. For practical industrial processes, stainless steel rotors inside the stator was manufactured by CNC machine, which was also verified under the optimum conditions. The results showed that 1.07 wt% FFA and 99.221 wt% methyl ester of were obtained from first step and second step, respectively.
采用转子-定子水力空化反应器，对粗棕榈油进行脂肪酸甲酯（FAME）的两段连续生产工艺。新型 ABS 丝印转子表面有球形孔，这是一种高效、快速且经济有效的方法，安装在超声速反应器的不锈钢定子中。使用 3D 打印的超声速反应器通过酯化和随后的酯交换来处理富含 FFA 的 MCPO，以生产甲酯。使用响应面法（RSM）确定了酯化和酯交换过程的最佳条件。对于第一步酯化，甲醇 17.7vol%、硫酸 2.9vol%、转子转速 3000rpm、孔直径和深度 4 和 6mm 以及 25L/h MCPO 的条件用于将 FFA 从 11.456wt%降低至 1.028wt%。对于第二步，采用甲醇 28.6vol%、氢氧化钾 6.2g/L、转子转速 3000rpm、转子表面球形孔直径 6.4mm、深度 6.2mm 以及酯化油流速 25L/h 的最佳条件进行酯交换，以生产出甲酯超过 99.163wt%。此外，还比较了超声速和超声夹管反应器之间整个两段连续工艺的纯化生物柴油产率和平均能耗。纯化甲酯的结果清楚地表明，在相同的优化条件下，分别从超声速和超声夹管反应器中获得了 99.163wt%和 97.814wt%的甲酯。使用超声速和超声夹管反应器，最大的纯化生物柴油产率分别为 97.51vol%和 88.69vol%。超声速和超声夹管反应器整个连续两段工艺的平均能耗分别为 0.049 和 0.056kW·h/L。对于实际的工业过程，在数控机床上制造了定子内的不锈钢转子，并在最佳条件下进行了验证。结果表明，第一步和第二步分别得到了 1.07wt%的 FFA 和 99.221wt%的甲酯。
