University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
J Interpers Violence. 2022 Aug;37(15-16):NP13623-NP13653. doi: 10.1177/08862605211005151. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
Bullying is a severe public health problem, and bystanders' reactions are a key variable in its perpetration and maintenance. This study aimed to assess the level of secondary victimization of bullying victims as a function of the student's sex and the victim's category (nonnormative vs. normative) in three experimental conditions (feminine, masculine, and ethnicity) from a socioecological perspective. Specifically, two dimensions of secondary victimization were evaluated: avoidance and devaluation/blaming of the victim. A sequence of mixed-design ANOVAs was performed with a sample of 553 Spanish (53.3%) and Portuguese (46.7%) students, aged between 14 and 19 years. Results show that nonnormative victims, those who transgress feminine and masculine gender stereotypes, and those who belong to a minority ethnic group (gypsies) are avoided more than normative victims; and that boys perpetrate more secondary victimization than girls. These results reveal the situation of vulnerability suffered by adolescents who transgress the gender norm as well as those who belong to minority ethnic groups, and highlight that the motivations concealed by the secondary victimization of bullying victims originate in the group processes of identity construction and categorization that configure the boundaries of "legitimacy" and are strongly influenced by social beliefs about normative and nonnormative identities. This socioecological approach could guide prevention strategies, so generic antibullying policies that do not explicitly address biases about gender, sexual, and cultural identity can be overcome to reduce the high levels of stigma occurring in the schools through critical and culturally responsive pedagogy.
欺凌是一个严重的公共卫生问题，旁观者的反应是其发生和持续的关键变量。本研究旨在从社会生态学的角度评估欺凌受害者的二次受害程度，这取决于学生的性别和受害者的类别（非规范与规范）在三种实验条件（女性化、男性化和种族）下。具体来说，评估了二次受害的两个维度：对受害者的回避和贬低/指责。对 553 名西班牙（53.3%）和葡萄牙（46.7%）年龄在 14 至 19 岁的学生进行了混合设计方差分析序列。结果表明，非规范的受害者，即那些违反女性化和男性化性别刻板印象的人，以及属于少数民族群体（吉普赛人）的人比规范的受害者更受回避；男孩比女孩实施更多的二次受害。这些结果揭示了违反性别规范的青少年以及属于少数民族群体的青少年所遭受的脆弱处境，并强调了欺凌受害者二次受害背后隐藏的动机源于身份构建和分类的群体过程，这些过程构成了“合法性”的界限，并受到关于规范和非规范身份的社会信仰的强烈影响。这种社会生态学方法可以指导预防策略，从而克服不明确针对性别、性和文化认同的偏见的一般性反欺凌政策，通过批判性和文化响应性教学减少学校中普遍存在的污名化现象。
