Kirkali Z
Western Infirmary, Department of Urology, Glasgow, Scotland.
Int Urol Nephrol. 1988;20(2):105-10. doi: 10.1007/BF02550658.
Endoscopy is a well-established method of diagnosing and treating lower urinary tract disorders. Developments in the optical quality and manufacture of more precise instruments now also makes inspection of the upper urinary tract possible. Today, ureteric stones can easily be dealt with by non-operative measures with the use of operating ureterorenoscope. Diagnosis and treatment of other pathological conditions of the upper urinary tract are also possible. It is also the best way of assessing ureteric and renal pelvic tumours.
内镜检查是诊断和治疗下尿路疾病的一种成熟方法。光学质量的提升以及更精密仪器的制造，如今也使得对上尿路进行检查成为可能。如今，使用输尿管肾镜通过非手术措施可轻松处理输尿管结石。对上尿路的其他病理状况进行诊断和治疗也是可行的。它也是评估输尿管和肾盂肿瘤的最佳方法。
