Zalewska Magdalena, Błażejewska Aleksandra, Czapko Agnieszka, Popowska Magdalena
Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Mar 29;12:610656. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.610656. eCollection 2021.
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a relatively new type of pollutant. The rise in antibiotic resistance observed recently is closely correlated with the uncontrolled and widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture and the treatment of humans and animals. Resistant bacteria have been identified in soil, animal feces, animal housing (e.g., pens, barns, or pastures), the areas around farms, manure storage facilities, and the guts of farm animals. The selection pressure caused by the irrational use of antibiotics in animal production sectors not only promotes the survival of existing antibiotic-resistant bacteria but also the development of new resistant forms. One of the most critical hot-spots related to the development and dissemination of ARGs is livestock and poultry production. Manure is widely used as a fertilizer thanks to its rich nutrient and organic matter content. However, research indicates that its application may pose a severe threat to human and animal health by facilitating the dissemination of ARGs to arable soil and edible crops. This review examines the pathogens, potentially pathogenic microorganisms and ARGs which may be found in animal manure, and evaluates their effect on human health through their exposure to soil and plant resistomes. It takes a broader view than previous studies of this topic, discussing recent data on antibiotic use in farm animals and the effect of these practices on the composition of animal manure; it also examines how fertilization with animal manure may alter soil and crop microbiomes, and proposes the drivers of such changes and their consequences for human health.
抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）是一种相对新型的污染物。近期观察到的抗生素抗性增加与农业以及人类和动物治疗中抗生素的无节制广泛使用密切相关。在土壤、动物粪便、动物饲养场所（如围栏、畜棚或牧场）、农场周边区域、粪便储存设施以及农场动物的肠道中都已发现了抗药细菌。动物生产部门不合理使用抗生素所造成的选择压力不仅促进了现有抗药细菌的存活，还推动了新抗性形式的发展。与抗生素抗性基因的发展和传播相关的最关键热点之一是畜禽生产。粪便因其丰富的养分和有机质含量而被广泛用作肥料。然而，研究表明，粪便的施用可能通过促使抗生素抗性基因传播到耕地土壤和可食用作物而对人类和动物健康构成严重威胁。本综述研究了动物粪便中可能存在的病原体、潜在致病微生物和抗生素抗性基因，并通过它们与土壤和植物抗性组的接触来评估它们对人类健康的影响。它比以往关于该主题的研究视角更宽泛，讨论了农场动物抗生素使用的最新数据以及这些做法对动物粪便成分的影响；还研究了用动物粪便施肥如何改变土壤和作物微生物群落，并提出了此类变化的驱动因素及其对人类健康的影响。
