Maastricht University (external PhD programme), The Netherlands.
Hist Psychiatry. 2021 Sep;32(3):270-288. doi: 10.1177/0957154X211006253. Epub 2021 Apr 15.
Herodotus's enigmatic Scythian and its Hippocratic interpretation interested many early modern authors. Its seeming dimension of transgender identification invited various medico-psychological and psychiatric reflections, culminating in nosologist de Sauvages' tentative 1731 term, . This article identifies pertinent discussions and what turn out to have been entangled, tentative psychologizations in late-seventeenth through mid-nineteenth-century mental medicine: of 'effeminacy of manners' ( such as observed in London's Beaux and mollies) and male homosexuality (); of the mental masculinity of some women (, ); of ubiquitous attributions of impotence to sorcery (); and lastly, of transfeminine persons encountered throughout the New World and increasingly beyond.
希罗多德笔下神秘的斯基泰人和希波克拉底对其的解释引起了许多早期现代作家的兴趣。它似乎具有跨性别认同的维度，引发了各种医学心理学和精神病学的思考，最终在 1731 年，病名学家德索瓦热（de Sauvages）提出了试探性的术语“两性畸形”（）。本文将探讨 17 世纪末至 19 世纪中叶精神病学中相关的讨论，以及那些被纠缠在一起的、试探性的心理化现象：如“举止上的柔弱”（如在伦敦的美少年和易装癖者中所观察到的）和男性同性恋（）；一些女性的精神阳刚之气（、）；普遍将阳痿归因于巫术（）；以及最后，在整个新世界和越来越多的地方遇到的跨性别者。
