Use of Machine Learning with Temporal Photoluminescence Signals from CdTe Quantum Dots for Temperature Measurement in Microfluidic Devices.

Because of the vital role of temperature in many biological processes studied in microfluidic devices, there is a need to develop improved temperature sensors and data analysis algorithms. The photoluminescence (PL) of nanocrystals (quantum dots) has been successfully used in microfluidic temperature devices, but the accuracy of the reconstructed temperature has been limited to about 1 K over a temperature range of tens of degrees. A machine learning algorithm consisting of a fully-connected network of seven layers with decreasing numbers of nodes was developed and applied to a combination of normalized spectral and time-resolved PL data of CdTe quantum dot emission in a microfluidic device. The data used by the algorithm was collected over two temperature ranges: 10 K to 300 K, and 298 K to 319 K. The accuracy of each neural network was assessed via mean absolute error of a holdout set of data. For the low temperature regime, the accuracy was 7.7 K, or 0.4 K when the holdout set is restricted to temperatures above 100 K. For the high temperature regime, the accuracy was 0.1 K. This method provides demonstrates a potential machine learning approach to accurately sense temperature in microfluidic (and potentially nanofluidic) devices when the data analysis is based on normalized PL data when it is stable over time.