Toccafondi Elenia, Lener Daniela, Negroni Matteo
CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Apr 1;12:652486. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652486. eCollection 2021.
The first step of the intracellular phase of retroviral infection is the release of the viral capsid core in the cytoplasm. This structure contains the viral genetic material that will be reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome of infected cells. Up to recent times, the role of the capsid core was considered essentially to protect this genetic material during the earlier phases of this process. However, increasing evidence demonstrates that the permanence inside the cell of the capsid as an intact, or almost intact, structure is longer than thought. This suggests its involvement in more aspects of the infectious cycle than previously foreseen, particularly in the steps of viral genomic material translocation into the nucleus and in the phases preceding integration. During the trip across the infected cell, many host factors are brought to interact with the capsid, some possessing antiviral properties, others, serving as viral cofactors. All these interactions rely on the properties of the unique component of the capsid core, the capsid protein CA. Likely, the drawback of ensuring these multiple functions is the extreme genetic fragility that has been shown to characterize this protein. Here, we recapitulate the busy agenda of an HIV-1 capsid in the infectious process, in particular in the light of the most recent findings.
逆转录病毒感染细胞内阶段的第一步是病毒衣壳核心在细胞质中释放。该结构包含病毒遗传物质，这些遗传物质将被逆转录并整合到受感染细胞的基因组中。直到最近，衣壳核心的作用主要被认为是在这一过程的早期阶段保护这种遗传物质。然而，越来越多的证据表明，衣壳作为完整或几乎完整的结构在细胞内的存在时间比之前认为的要长。这表明它在感染周期中涉及的方面比之前预想的更多，特别是在病毒基因组物质转运到细胞核的步骤以及整合之前的阶段。在穿过受感染细胞的过程中，许多宿主因子与衣壳相互作用，一些具有抗病毒特性，另一些则作为病毒辅助因子。所有这些相互作用都依赖于衣壳核心的独特成分——衣壳蛋白CA的特性。可能的是，确保这些多种功能的缺点是已被证明该蛋白具有的极端遗传脆弱性。在此，我们总结了HIV-1衣壳在感染过程中的繁忙日程，特别是根据最新的研究发现。
