Hunt Lee, Lerner Felicitas, Ziegler Mathias
Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
New Phytol. 2004 Jul;163(1):31-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01087.x.
The pyridine nucleotides, NAD , NADH, NADP , and NADPH have long-established and well-characterised roles as redox factors in processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and as electron acceptors in photosynthesis. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of signalling and gene regulatory processes where NAD or NADP are metabolised. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are metabolites of NAD and NADP , respectively, and now have widely accepted roles as potent intracellular calcium releasing agents in animals, but are less well characterised in plants. NAD kinases catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to NAD to form NADP and are well characterised in plants in their requirement for the calcium binding protein calmodulin, thereby putatively linking their regulation to stress-induced intracellular calcium release. A second group of proteins unrelated to those above, the sirtuins (Sir2) and poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), cleave NAD and transfer the ADP-ribose group to acetyl groups and proteins, respectively. These have roles in transcriptional control and DNA repair in eukaryotes. Contents Summary I. Introduction 32 II. NAD synthesis and breakdown 32 III. cADPR in plants 34 IV. NAADP in plants 35 V. NAD kinases 35 VI. NAD and gene regulation 37 VII. Sir2 is an NAD dependant histone deacetylase 37 VIII. Nicotinamidases 38 IX. Poly ADP-ribosylation 39 X. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) 40 XI. Subcellular compartmentation of NAD and NADP in plants 41 XII. Conclusions 41 Acknowledgements 41 References 41.
吡啶核苷酸，NAD、NADH、NADP和NADPH在氧化磷酸化、三羧酸循环等过程中作为氧化还原因子，以及在光合作用中作为电子受体，有着长期确立且特征明确的作用。近年来，NAD或NADP参与代谢的信号传导和基因调控过程的数量有所增加。环磷酸腺苷核糖（cADPR）和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NAADP）分别是NAD和NADP的代谢产物，目前在动物中已被广泛认可为有效的细胞内钙释放剂，但在植物中的特征尚不明确。NAD激酶催化磷酸基团从ATP转移到NAD上形成NADP，并且在植物中其对钙结合蛋白钙调蛋白的需求已得到充分研究，从而推测其调控与应激诱导的细胞内钙释放有关。另一组与上述蛋白质无关的蛋白质，即沉默调节蛋白（Sir2）和聚ADP核糖聚合酶（PARP），分别切割NAD并将ADP核糖基团转移到乙酰基和蛋白质上。这些在真核生物的转录控制和DNA修复中发挥作用。内容摘要 一、引言32 二、NAD的合成与分解32 三、植物中的cADPR 34 四、植物中的NAADP 35 五、NAD激酶35 六、NAD与基因调控37 七、Sir2是一种依赖NAD的组蛋白脱乙酰酶37 八、烟酰胺酶38 九、聚ADP核糖基化39 十、聚（ADP - 核糖）糖苷水解酶（PARG）40 十一、植物中NAD和NADP的亚细胞区室化41 十二、结论41 致谢41 参考文献41
