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过氧化物光敏化和镍介导的自由基偶联实现的 C(sp 3 )-H 甲基化。

C(sp)-H methylation enabled by peroxide photosensitization and Ni-mediated radical coupling.

机构信息

Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.

出版信息

Science. 2021 Apr 23;372(6540):398-403. doi: 10.1126/science.abh2623.

Abstract

The "magic methyl" effect describes the change in potency, selectivity, and/or metabolic stability of a drug candidate associated with addition of a single methyl group. We report a synthetic method that enables direct methylation of C(sp)-H bonds in diverse drug-like molecules and pharmaceutical building blocks. Visible light-initiated triplet energy transfer promotes homolysis of the O-O bond in di--butyl or dicumyl peroxide under mild conditions. The resulting alkoxyl radicals undergo divergent reactivity, either hydrogen-atom transfer from a substrate C-H bond or generation of a methyl radical via β-methyl scission. The relative rates of these steps may be tuned by varying the reaction conditions or peroxide substituents to optimize the yield of methylated product arising from nickel-mediated cross-coupling of substrate and methyl radicals.

摘要

“神奇甲基”效应描述了与添加单个甲基基团相关的药物候选物的效力、选择性和/或代谢稳定性的变化。我们报告了一种合成方法,该方法能够使各种类似药物的分子和药物构建块中的 C(sp)-H 键直接甲基化。可见光引发的三重态能量转移在温和条件下促进二--丁基或二枯基过氧化物中 O-O 键的均裂。所得的烷氧基自由基表现出不同的反应性,要么是从底物 C-H 键转移氢原子,要么是通过β-甲基断裂生成甲基自由基。通过改变反应条件或过氧化物取代基来调节这些步骤的相对速率,可以优化镍介导的底物和甲基自由基交叉偶联生成的甲基化产物的产率。

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