Martin Karin D, Sykes Bryan L, Shannon Sarah, Edwards Frank, Harris Alexes
Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy & Governance, University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
Annu Rev Criminol. 2018 Jan;1:471-495. doi: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091915. Epub 2017 Oct 13.
This review assesses the current state of knowledge about monetary sanctions, e.g., fines, fees, surcharges, restitution, and any other financial liability related to contact with systems of justice, which are used more widely than prison, jail, probation, or parole in the United States. The review describes the most important consequences of the punishment of monetary sanctions in the United States, which include a significant capacity for exacerbating economic inequality by race, prolonged contact and involvement with the criminal justice system, driver's license suspension, voting restrictions, damaged credit, and incarceration. Given the lack of consistent laws and policies that govern monetary sanctions, jurisdictions vary greatly in their imposition, enforcement, and collection practices of fines, fees, court costs, and restitution. A review of federally collected data on monetary sanctions reveals that a lack of consistent and exhaustive measures of monetary sanctions presents a unique problem for tracking both the prevalence and amount of legal financial obligations (LFOs) over time. We conclude with promising directions for future research and policy on monetary sanctions.
本综述评估了关于金钱制裁的现有知识状况，例如罚款、费用、附加费、赔偿以及与司法系统接触相关的任何其他财务责任，在美国，这些制裁措施的使用比监狱、监禁、缓刑或假释更为广泛。该综述描述了美国金钱制裁惩罚的最重要后果，其中包括因种族加剧经济不平等的显著能力、与刑事司法系统的长期接触和卷入、驾照吊销、投票限制、信用受损以及监禁。鉴于缺乏统一管理金钱制裁的法律和政策，各司法管辖区在罚款、费用、法庭费用和赔偿的征收、执行和收取做法上差异很大。对联邦收集的金钱制裁数据的审查表明，缺乏一致且详尽的金钱制裁措施给长期跟踪法律财务义务（LFO）的普遍性和金额带来了独特问题。我们最后给出了关于金钱制裁未来研究和政策的有前景的方向。
