Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Aug;127:284-295. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.019. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
Opioids are highly efficacious in their ability to relieve pain, but they are liable for abuse, dependence, and addiction. Risk factors to develop opioid use disorders (OUD) include chronic stress, socio-environment, and preexisting major depressive disorders (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Additionally, opioids reduce gut motility, induce loss of gut barrier function, and alter the composition of the trillions of microbes hosted in the gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiota. The microbiota are significant contributors to the reciprocal communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut, termed the gut-brain axis. They have strong influences on their host behaviors, including the ability to cope with stress, sociability, affect, mood, and anxiety. Thus, they are implicated in the etiology of MDD and PTSD. Here we review the latest studies demonstrating that intestinal flora can, directly and indirectly, by affecting sociability levels, responses to stress, and mental state, alter the responses to opioids. It suggests that microbiota can potentially be used to increase the resilience to develop analgesic tolerance and OUD.
阿片类药物在缓解疼痛方面非常有效，但它们容易被滥用、依赖和成瘾。易患阿片类药物使用障碍（OUD）的风险因素包括慢性应激、社会环境以及先前存在的重度抑郁症（MDD）和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。此外，阿片类药物会降低肠道蠕动，导致肠道屏障功能丧失，并改变胃肠道中数万亿微生物的组成，这些微生物被称为肠道微生物群。微生物群是中枢神经系统（CNS）和肠道之间相互交流的重要贡献者，称为肠道-大脑轴。它们对宿主的行为有很强的影响，包括应对压力、社交能力、情绪、情绪和焦虑的能力。因此，它们与 MDD 和 PTSD 的病因有关。在这里，我们回顾了最新的研究，证明肠道菌群可以通过直接和间接的方式，通过影响社交水平、对压力的反应和精神状态，改变对阿片类药物的反应。这表明微生物群有可能被用来提高对疼痛耐受和 OUD 发展的抵抗力。
