Hospital Costa del Sol, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Marbella, Spain.
Hospital La Línea, La Linea de la Concepción, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Cádiz, Spain.
Braz J Anesthesiol. 2021 Mar-Apr;71(2):148-161. doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2021.02.017. Epub 2021 Feb 10.
The first anesthetic machines appeared following their public demonstration by Morton in 1846. These initial devices were simple inhalers based on the evaporation of the anesthetic agent. Their main problem was the loss of effectiveness with cooling. More complex inhalers were subsequently developed, in which the main difference was the possibility to provide more than one agent. Moreover, the concentration of the inhaled anesthetic was regulated for greater efficiency. At the beginning of the twentieth century, gas machines emerged, allowing the application of an anesthetic flow independent of the patient's inspiratory effort. These machines incorporated technological advances such as flow meters, carbon dioxide absorption systems and fine adjustment vaporizers. In this period, in the field of thoracic surgery, intraoperative artificial ventilation began to be employed, which helped overcome the problem of pneumothorax associated with open pleura by applying positive pressure. From the 1930s, the gas machines were fitted with a ventilator, and by the 1950s this had become a basic component of the anesthesia system. Later still, in the 1980s, alarm and monitoring systems were incorporated, giving rise to the current generation of workstations.
1846 年，莫顿公开演示后，第一批麻醉机问世。这些最初的设备是基于麻醉剂蒸发的简单吸入器。它们的主要问题是冷却时会失去效力。随后开发了更复杂的吸入器，其主要区别在于提供一种以上药物的可能性。此外，吸入麻醉剂的浓度也得到了调节，以提高效率。20 世纪初，出现了气体麻醉机，可以提供与患者吸气努力无关的麻醉气流。这些机器采用了流量计、二氧化碳吸收系统和精细调节蒸发器等技术进步。在这一时期，在胸外科领域，术中人工通气开始被采用，通过施加正压，克服了与开放胸膜相关的气胸问题。从 20 世纪 30 年代开始，气体麻醉机配备了通风机，到 20 世纪 50 年代，通风机已成为麻醉系统的基本组成部分。此后，在 20 世纪 80 年代，报警和监测系统被引入，从而产生了当前一代的工作站。
