Kaźmierczyk-Winciorek Marta, Nędzi-Góra Małgorzata, Słotwińska Sylwia Małgorzata
Department of Oral Hygiene, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Cent Eur J Immunol. 2021;46(1):99-104. doi: 10.5114/ceji.2021.104412. Epub 2021 Mar 11.
Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic live microorganisms which, when administered in appropriate amounts, are beneficial to the health of the host. Currently, the group of probiotic microorganisms includes bacteria that produce lactic acid of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, belonging to the so-called LAB (lactic acid bacteria) groups, and the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics have a protective role in Candida spp. oral infection and especially colonization. Lactobacillus limits the progression of chronic periodontitis by inhibiting the secretory activity of Th17 lymphocytes, which in the pathogenesis of this disease are responsible for an excessive cytokine response causing adverse changes in periodontal tissues. A meta-analysis of the results of studies on the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis showed that the use of probiotics improved the condition of the gums in the course of the therapeutic process. Regular use of probiotics during orthodontic treatment significantly reduces the number of bacteria from the Streptococcus mutans group in the patient's saliva and significantly inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators and an excessive immune response. The main mechanisms of the action of probiotics, such as elimination and inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms through competition for receptor sites and the secretion of metabolites with antibacterial activity, as well as the stimulation of specific and non-specific immune responses by activating T lymphocytes, and stimulating the production of cytokines, make it possible to also effectively use pro-health bacteria in oral diseases.
益生菌被定义为非致病性活微生物，当以适当数量施用时，对宿主健康有益。目前，益生菌微生物群体包括属于所谓乳酸菌（LAB）组的产乳酸的乳酸菌属和双歧杆菌属细菌，以及布拉酵母菌。益生菌在念珠菌属口腔感染尤其是定植方面具有保护作用。乳酸杆菌通过抑制Th17淋巴细胞的分泌活性来限制慢性牙周炎的进展，在该疾病的发病机制中，Th17淋巴细胞会导致细胞因子过度反应，从而引起牙周组织的不良变化。一项关于益生菌治疗牙龈炎有效性的临床评估研究结果的荟萃分析表明，使用益生菌在治疗过程中改善了牙龈状况。在正畸治疗期间定期使用益生菌可显著减少患者唾液中变形链球菌组细菌的数量，并显著抑制炎症介质的表达和过度的免疫反应。益生菌作用的主要机制，如通过竞争受体位点和分泌具有抗菌活性的代谢产物来消除和抑制致病微生物的生长，以及通过激活T淋巴细胞刺激特异性和非特异性免疫反应，并刺激细胞因子的产生，使得在口腔疾病中也能够有效地使用有益健康的细菌。
