Uriarte Marcos Sugoi, Rodríguez-Rodríguez Raúl, Alfaro-Saiz Juan-José, Carballeira Eduardo, Uriarte Marcos Maier
Doctorate School, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
Department of Enterprises Management, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2021 Apr 7;12:621454. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621454. eCollection 2021.
Judo is a multifactorial sport where many variables or key performance indicators (KPIs) such as force-velocity profile, bioenergetic capacity, technical and tactical skills, and cognitive and emotional competence play a role and influence the final result. While there have been many academic studies of these variables, usually in isolation, none have examined KPIs holistically or analyzed their impact on strategic performance. The main objective of the present study, therefore, is to apply a novel and easily replicable methodology to identify and prioritize the main KPIs affecting performance in professional judo. Such a methodology was applied to the High-Performance Judo Centre of Valencia, using a multi-criteria decision aid technique: the analytic network process (ANP). The ANP is used to identify and quantify cause and effect relationships not only between KPIs but also between KPIs and performance objectives. Further, the ANP offers effective results when there is a lack of historical KPI data, because it is based on experts' opinions and judgments. A judo expert group (JEG) comprising elite judo coaches and half-lightweight (under 66 kg) male judokas applied the methodology to discriminate between the characteristics required when aiming to reach high-level strategic objectives (such as participating in the Olympic Games or winning a medal in a Grand Slam/Gran Prix). The JEG, which consisted of five elite judokas, national and international champions, and three Olympic coaches-including a former European champion and silver medalist in a world championship-provided high added value to the study. The main findings were that the KPIs that made the most difference were mostly psychological, specifically motivation, stress, and team cohesion. Of these, motivation was by far the most important KPI for success in our case study, so judokas should make sure that they analyze it properly. Motivation is usually intrinsic to the competitor and should be maintained at a high level, not only during tournaments but also during daily training and lifestyle activities. Physical and other specific forms of training, as well as lifestyle KPIs, are very important for the elite competitor but are not sufficient to reach high-level objectives. The most important of these KPIs were Kumi-Kata (grip work), dual career, focus and concentration level, scouting, nutrition, and basic technique. Power and strength were the most important physical KPIs. In general, these are essential for meeting strategic objectives, but they do not make the crucial difference. This suggests that professional psychological support should be provided in daily training and that international team composition and internships should be fostered.
柔道是一项多因素运动，其中许多变量或关键绩效指标（KPI），如力-速度曲线、生物能量能力、技术和战术技能以及认知和情感能力，都发挥着作用并影响最终结果。虽然对这些变量已经有很多学术研究，通常是单独进行的，但没有一项研究从整体上考察关键绩效指标或分析它们对战略表现的影响。因此，本研究的主要目的是应用一种新颖且易于复制的方法来识别影响职业柔道表现的主要关键绩效指标并对其进行优先级排序。这种方法应用于瓦伦西亚高性能柔道中心，使用了一种多标准决策辅助技术：网络分析法（ANP）。ANP不仅用于识别和量化关键绩效指标之间的因果关系，还用于识别和量化关键绩效指标与绩效目标之间的因果关系。此外，当缺乏关键绩效指标的历史数据时，ANP能提供有效的结果，因为它基于专家的意见和判断。一个由精英柔道教练和次轻量级（66公斤以下）男性柔道运动员组成的柔道专家组（JEG）应用该方法来区分旨在实现高水平战略目标（如参加奥运会或在大满贯/大奖赛中获得奖牌）时所需的特征。该JEG由五名精英柔道运动员、国家和国际冠军以及三名奥运教练组成，其中包括一名前欧洲冠军和一名世界锦标赛银牌得主，为该研究提供了很高的附加值。主要研究结果是，最具影响力的关键绩效指标大多是心理方面的，特别是动机、压力和团队凝聚力。在这些指标中，动机是我们案例研究中成功的最重要关键绩效指标，因此柔道运动员应确保正确分析它。动机通常是竞争者内在的，不仅在比赛期间，而且在日常训练和生活活动中都应保持在较高水平。身体和其他特定形式的训练以及生活方式关键绩效指标对精英竞争者非常重要，但不足以实现高水平目标。这些关键绩效指标中最重要的是组手（抓握技术）、双重职业、专注度和注意力水平、侦察、营养和基本技术。力量和体能是最重要的身体关键绩效指标。总的来说，这些对于实现战略目标至关重要，但并非关键差异所在。这表明在日常训练中应提供专业的心理支持，并促进国际团队的组建和实习。
