Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 7;12:632335. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.632335. eCollection 2021.
Mounting evidence suggested that the gut microbiota has a significant role in the metabolism and disease status of the host. In particular, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), which has a complex etiology that includes obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation, is modulated by the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Current literature supports that unbalanced gut microbial composition (dysbiosis) is a risk factor for T2D. In this review, we critically summarize the recent findings regarding the role of gut microbiota in T2D. Beyond these associative studies, we focus on the causal relationship between microbiota and T2D established using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or probiotic supplementation, and the potential underlying mechanisms such as byproducts of microbial metabolism. These microbial metabolites are small molecules that establish communication between microbiota and host cells. We critically summarize the associations between T2D and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO). Additionally, we comment on how host genetic architecture and the epigenome influence the microbial composition and thus how the gut microbiota may explain part of the missing heritability of T2D found by GWAS analysis. We also discuss future directions in this field and how approaches such as FMT, prebiotics, and probiotics supplementation are being considered as potential therapeutics for T2D.
越来越多的证据表明，肠道微生物群在宿主的代谢和疾病状态中起着重要作用。特别是 2 型糖尿病（T2D），其病因复杂，包括肥胖和慢性低度炎症，受肠道微生物群和微生物代谢物的调节。目前的文献支持肠道微生物群落组成失衡（失调）是 T2D 的一个危险因素。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地总结了关于肠道微生物群在 T2D 中的作用的最新发现。除了这些关联研究之外，我们还重点关注使用粪便微生物群移植（FMT）或益生菌补充建立的微生物群与 T2D 之间的因果关系，以及微生物代谢产物等潜在的潜在机制。这些微生物代谢产物是微生物群和宿主细胞之间建立通讯的小分子。我们批判性地总结了 T2D 与微生物代谢产物（如短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）和三甲胺 N-氧化物（TMAO））之间的关联。此外，我们还评论了宿主遗传结构和表观基因组如何影响微生物群落，以及肠道微生物群如何解释 GWAS 分析发现的 T2D 部分遗传缺失的原因。我们还讨论了该领域的未来发展方向，以及 FMT、益生元和益生菌补充等方法如何被认为是 T2D 的潜在治疗方法。
