College of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania.
College of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
Nutrients. 2021 Dec 30;14(1):166. doi: 10.3390/nu14010166.
The gut microbiota has been linked to the emergence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and the onset of type 2 diabetes through decreased glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious health consequences such as impaired kidney function, blindness, stroke, myocardial infarction and lower limb amputation. Despite a variety of treatments currently available, cases of diabetes and resulting complications are on the rise. One promising new approach to diabetes focuses on modulating the gut microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbial transplantation. Differences in gut microbiota composition have been observed in preclinical animal models as well as patients with type 2 diabetes and complications such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease and peripheral artery disease compared to healthy controls. Severity of gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with disease severity and restoration with probiotic administration in animal models and human patients has been associated with improvement of symptoms and disease progression. Characterizing the gut microbiota dysbiosis in different diseases and determining a causal relationship between the gut microbiota and disease can be beneficial in formulating therapeutic interventions for type 2 diabetes and associated complications. In this review, we present the most important findings regarding the role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and chronic complications as well as their underlying mechanisms.
肠道微生物群已被证明与肥胖、代谢综合征以及 2 型糖尿病的发生有关，其通过降低葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素抵抗起作用。不受控制的糖尿病会导致严重的健康后果，如肾功能损害、失明、中风、心肌梗死和下肢截肢。尽管目前有多种治疗方法，但糖尿病病例及其并发症仍在上升。一种有前途的糖尿病新方法是通过益生菌、益生元、合生菌和粪便微生物移植来调节肠道微生物群。在 2 型糖尿病患者以及糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病神经病变、脑血管疾病、冠心病和外周动脉疾病等并发症患者的临床前动物模型和患者中观察到肠道微生物群组成的差异，与健康对照组相比。在动物模型中，肠道微生物群失调的严重程度与疾病的严重程度有关，而在动物模型和人类患者中用益生菌治疗可恢复肠道微生物群，这与症状改善和疾病进展有关。在不同疾病中描述肠道微生物群失调，并确定肠道微生物群与疾病之间的因果关系，对于制定 2 型糖尿病及其相关并发症的治疗干预措施是有益的。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了关于肠道微生物群在 2 型糖尿病和慢性并发症中的作用及其潜在机制的最重要发现。
