Cafiero Carlo, Spagnuolo Gianrico, Marenzi Gaetano, Martuscelli Ranieri, Colamaio Michele, Leuci Stefania
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
J Clin Med. 2021 Apr 3;10(7):1488. doi: 10.3390/jcm10071488.
The primary cause of tooth loss in the industrialized world is periodontitis, a bacterial anaerobic infection whose pathogenesis is characterized by composite immune response. At present, the diagnose of periodontitis is made by a complete status check of the patient's periodontal health; full-mouth plaque score, full-mouth bleeding score, probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, recessions, mobility, and migration are evaluated in order to provides a clear picture of the periodontal conditions of a single patient. Chair-side diagnostic tests based on whole saliva could be routinely used by periodontists for a very early diagnosis of periodontitis, monitoring, prognosis, and management of periodontal patients by biomarker detection, whose diagnostic validity is related to sensitivity and specificity. Recent paper reviews and meta-analyses have focused on five promising host derived biomarkers as candidate for early diagnosis of periodontitis: MMP-8 (Metalloproteinase-8), MIP-1α (Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha), IL-1 β (Interleukin-1 beta), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and HB (Hemoglobin), and their combinations. Chair-side Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology may soon become an important part of efforts to detect such biomarkers in saliva medium to improve worldwide periodontal health in developed nations as well as in underserved communities and poor countries. Their applications in preventive and predictive medicine is now fundamental, and is aimed at the early detection of risk factors or the presence or evolution of the disease, and in personalized medicine, which aims to identify tailor-made treatments for individual patients. The aim of the present paper is to be informative about host derived periodontal biomarkers and, in particular, we intend to report information about the most important immune response derived biomarkers and Hemoglobin as candidates to be routinely utilized in order to obtain a chair-side early diagnosis of periodontal disease.
在工业化国家，牙齿缺失的主要原因是牙周炎，这是一种细菌性厌氧菌感染，其发病机制以复合免疫反应为特征。目前，牙周炎的诊断是通过对患者牙周健康状况进行全面检查来进行的；评估全口菌斑评分、全口出血评分、探诊深度、临床附着水平、探诊出血、牙龈退缩、牙齿松动和移位，以便清楚了解单个患者的牙周状况。牙周病医生可以常规使用基于全唾液的椅旁诊断测试，通过生物标志物检测对牙周炎进行早期诊断、监测、预后评估和治疗管理，其诊断有效性与敏感性和特异性相关。最近的论文综述和荟萃分析聚焦于五种有前景的宿主衍生生物标志物，作为牙周炎早期诊断的候选标志物：基质金属蛋白酶-8（MMP-8）、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α（MIP-1α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和血红蛋白（HB），以及它们的组合。椅旁芯片实验室（LOC）技术可能很快会成为在唾液介质中检测此类生物标志物的重要手段，以改善发达国家以及医疗服务不足社区和贫困国家的全球牙周健康状况。它们在预防医学和预测医学中的应用现在至关重要，旨在早期发现危险因素或疾病的存在及演变，在个性化医疗中，旨在为个体患者确定量身定制的治疗方案。本文的目的是提供有关宿主衍生牙周生物标志物的信息，特别是，我们打算报告有关最重要的免疫反应衍生生物标志物和血红蛋白的信息，这些标志物作为候选物可常规用于获得牙周疾病的椅旁早期诊断。
