Werner Inge, Schneeweiss Anke, Segner Helmut, Junghans Marion
Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany.
Toxics. 2021 Apr 8;9(4):79. doi: 10.3390/toxics9040079.
This study assessed the acute and chronic risk of pesticides, singly and as mixtures, for fish using comprehensive chemical data of four monitoring studies conducted in small- and medium-sized streams of Switzerland between 2012 and 2018. Pesticides were ranked based on single substance risk quotients and relative contribution to mixture risk. Concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticides, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the fungicides, carbendazim and fenpropimorph, posed acute or chronic single substance risks. Risk quotients of eighteen additional pesticides were equal or greater than 0.1, and thirteen of those contributed ≥30% to mixture risk. Relatively few substances dominated the mixture risk in most water samples, with chronic and acute maximum cumulative ratios never exceeding 5 and 7, respectively. A literature review of toxicity data showed that concentrations of several pesticides detected in Swiss streams were sufficient to cause direct sublethal effects on fish in laboratory studies. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that pesticides detected in Swiss streams, especially pyrethroid insecticides, fungicides and pesticide mixtures, pose a risk to fish health and can cause direct sublethal effects at environmental concentrations. Sensitive life stages of species with highly specialized life history traits may be particularly vulnerable; however, the lack of toxicity data for non-model species currently prevents a conclusive assessment across species.
本研究利用2012年至2018年间在瑞士中小型溪流中进行的四项监测研究的综合化学数据，评估了单一农药以及农药混合物对鱼类的急性和慢性风险。根据单一物质风险商和对混合物风险的相对贡献对农药进行了排名。拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯，以及杀菌剂多菌灵和粉唑醇的浓度构成了急性或慢性单一物质风险。另外18种农药的风险商等于或大于0.1，其中13种对混合物风险的贡献≥30%。在大多数水样中，相对较少的物质主导了混合物风险，慢性和急性最大累积比率分别从未超过5和7。对毒性数据的文献综述表明，在瑞士溪流中检测到的几种农药浓度足以在实验室研究中对鱼类造成直接亚致死效应。根据我们的研究结果，我们得出结论，在瑞士溪流中检测到的农药，尤其是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、杀菌剂和农药混合物，对鱼类健康构成风险，并且在环境浓度下可导致直接亚致死效应。具有高度专业化生活史特征的物种的敏感生命阶段可能特别脆弱；然而，目前缺乏非模式物种的毒性数据，阻碍了对所有物种进行确定性评估。
