Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 Apr 24;13(5):304. doi: 10.3390/toxins13050304.
In recent years, the less-studied mycotoxins have attracted increasing interest due to the lack of survey data and their ability to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. To fill the gap, the aim of this three-year survey was to investigate the presence and co-occurrence of and other mycotoxins in a total of 433 cereal grain samples from Slovenian farms and agricultural cooperatives from 2014 to 2016. Using the multi-mycotoxin method, 14 mycotoxins were determined. In 53% of 433 analysed samples, contamination with at least one mycotoxin was found. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were present in 32% and 26% of cereal grain samples, respectively, whereas alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TEN), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were present in fewer than 15% of the samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in one rye sample, while diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxin, and fumonisins B and B (FB1 and FB2) were not detected. The highest maximum and median concentrations of toxins were determined in spelt in 2016 (TeA, 2277 µg/kg and 203 µg/kg, respectively), and those of toxins in wheat in 2015 (DON, 4082 µg/kg and 387 µg/kg, respectively). The co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins was found in 43% of the positive samples. The correlations between toxins were very weak but statistically significant (r: 0.15-0.17, : 0.0042-0.0165). A well-known correlation between toxins DON and ZEN was weak and highly significant (r = 0.28, < 0.0001).
近年来，由于缺乏调查数据以及这些毒素对动物和人类产生毒性作用的能力，研究较少的霉菌毒素引起了越来越多的关注。为了填补这一空白，本为期三年的调查旨在调查 2014 年至 2016 年期间来自斯洛文尼亚农场和农业合作社的总共 433 份谷物样本中霉菌毒素的存在和共同存在情况。使用多霉菌毒素方法，共检测到 14 种霉菌毒素。在 433 个分析样本中，有 53%的样本受到至少一种霉菌毒素的污染。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 和 tenuazonic 酸 (TeA) 分别存在于 32%和 26%的谷物样品中，而 alternariol (AOH)、tentoxin (TEN)、alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)、3- 和 15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (3- 和 15-AcDON) 和玉米赤霉烯酮 (ZEN) 则存在于不到 15%的样品中。在一份黑麦样本中发现了赭曲霉毒素 A (OTA)，而二醋酸藨草镰刀菌烯醇 (DAS)、HT-2 和 T-2 毒素以及伏马菌素 B 和 B (FB1 和 FB2) 则未检出。2016 年，在斯佩尔特小麦中检测到的霉菌毒素的最高浓度和中位数最高（TeA，2277 µg/kg 和 203 µg/kg），2015 年，在小麦中检测到的霉菌毒素的最高浓度和中位数最高（DON，4082 µg/kg 和 387 µg/kg）。在 43%的阳性样本中发现了两种或多种霉菌毒素的共同存在。霉菌毒素之间的相关性非常弱，但具有统计学意义（r：0.15-0.17，：0.0042-0.0165）。DON 和 ZEN 两种霉菌毒素之间的相关性较弱且具有高度显著性（r = 0.28，< 0.0001）。
