Lucia Umberto, Grisolia Giulia
Dipartimento Energia "Galileo Ferraris", Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
Materials (Basel). 2021 Apr 16;14(8):2004. doi: 10.3390/ma14082004.
Nonequilibrium temperature is a topic of research with continuously growing interest because of recent improvements in and applications of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, with particular regard to information theory, kinetic theory, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, superfluids, radiative systems, etc. All studies on nonequilibrium temperature have pointed out that the definition of nonequilibrium temperature must be related to different aspects of the system, to the energy of the system, and to the energy fluxes between the system and its environment. In this paper, we introduce a definition of nonequilibrium temperature based on the Gouy-Stodola and Carnot theorems in order to satisfy all these theoretical requirements. The result obtained links nonequilibrium temperature to the electromagnetic outflow, generated by irreversibility during microscopic interaction in the system; to the environmental temperature; to the mean energy; and to the geometrical and physical characteristics of the system.
非平衡温度是一个研究兴趣持续增长的课题，这是由于非平衡热力学在近期取得了进展并得到了应用，特别是在信息论、动力学理论、非平衡分子动力学、超流体、辐射系统等方面。所有关于非平衡温度的研究都指出，非平衡温度的定义必须与系统的不同方面、系统的能量以及系统与其环境之间的能量通量相关。在本文中，为了满足所有这些理论要求，我们基于古伊 - 斯托多拉定理和卡诺定理引入了一个非平衡温度的定义。所得结果将非平衡温度与系统微观相互作用过程中不可逆性产生的电磁流出、环境温度、平均能量以及系统的几何和物理特征联系起来。
