Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 27;18(9):4642. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094642.
Observational research studies from various countries suggest that women's working patterns across the life course are often fragmented compared to men's. The aim of our investigation was to use nationwide register data from Sweden to examine the extent to which generation and time of entry to the work force explain the sex differences in work participation across the life course. Our analyses were based on individual-level data on 4,182,581 women and 4,279,571 men, who were 19-69 years old and resident in Sweden in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, or 2015. Data on income and number of net days on disability pension, obtained from multiple linked registers, were used to ascertain each individual's main activity (in paid work, on disability pension, and not in paid work) each year. Years in paid work and on disability pension were calculated as the sums of years spent in either of these states from age 19 to 69 years. We used negative binomial regression to model the associations of generation and baseline year with years in paid work and years on disability pension. All models were run separately for women and men, with the duration of follow-up constrained to one, to account for the different follow-up times between individuals. Overall, the number of years in paid work across the life course was larger among men than women, and men entered into the workforce earlier. The difference between women and men was similar across generations and time periods. Adjustment for education, income, number of children aged <18 years living at home, country of birth, and the type of residential area had minimal impact on the estimates. Our findings suggest that women spend fewer years in paid work across the life course than men, highlighting the need for continued efforts to close the gender gap in work participation.
来自不同国家的观察性研究表明，女性在整个生命周期中的工作模式往往比男性更加分散。我们的研究目的是利用瑞典全国性登记数据，考察生育和进入劳动力市场的时间在多大程度上解释了整个生命周期中女性和男性工作参与率的性别差异。我们的分析基于 1995 年、2000 年、2005 年、2010 年和 2015 年居住在瑞典的 4182581 名女性和 4279571 名男性的个人层面数据。我们使用来自多个关联登记处的数据，确定了每个人每年的主要活动（有报酬工作、残疾抚恤金、无报酬工作），并计算了有报酬工作和残疾抚恤金的年限。有报酬工作和残疾抚恤金的年限是从 19 岁到 69 岁期间在这两种状态下度过的年限之和。我们使用负二项回归模型来模拟世代和基线年份与有报酬工作年限和残疾抚恤金年限之间的关联。所有模型都分别在女性和男性中运行，随访时间限制为 1 年，以考虑到个体之间不同的随访时间。总的来说，女性在整个生命周期中的有报酬工作年限比男性长，男性更早进入劳动力市场。女性和男性之间的差异在不同世代和时间段是相似的。调整教育程度、收入、18 岁以下居住在家中的儿童人数、出生国和居住地区类型对估计值的影响很小。我们的研究结果表明，女性在整个生命周期中从事有偿工作的年限比男性少，这突显了继续努力缩小工作参与性别差距的必要性。
