Stafford Mai, Lacey Rebecca, Murray Emily, Carr Ewan, Fleischmann Maria, Stansfeld Stephen, Xue Baowen, Zaninotto Paola, Head Jenny, Kuh Diana, McMunn Anne
1MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU UK.
2Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK.
Eur J Ageing. 2018 Apr 2;16(1):83-94. doi: 10.1007/s10433-018-0470-7. eCollection 2019 Mar.
Many developed nations seek to increase older people's work participation. Work and family are linked to paid work in later life, and to each other. Few studies combined work and family histories using multichannel sequence analysis capturing status and timing of transitions in relation to work in later life. Using the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, for whom State Pension Age was age 65 (men) or 60 (women), we examined paid work at age 60-64 (and age 68-69 for men only) by work-family patterns across 35 years (ages 16-51). Women's later work was related to the combination of timing of children and work during family formation. Women who had children later were more likely to work full-time at age 60-64 compared to the reference [characterised by continuous full-time employment, marriage, and children from their early 20s; adjusted OR 5.36 (95% CI 1.84, 15.60)]. Earlier motherhood was associated with lower likelihood of work at age 60-64 among those who did not return to work before age 51, but those who took a work break did not differ from those who worked continuously. Providing jobs which allow parents to combine work and family (e.g. part-time jobs) may encourage them to extend their working lives. In addition, men and women characterised by continuous full-time work and no children were less likely to work in their sixties. Associations were not explained by childhood health and social class, education, caregiving, housing tenure, or limiting illness. Research is needed to understand why childless people work less in later life.
许多发达国家都在寻求提高老年人的工作参与度。工作与家庭和晚年的有偿工作相关联，且相互关联。很少有研究使用多渠道序列分析来结合工作和家庭历史，该分析能够捕捉与晚年工作相关的状态和转变时机。利用医学研究委员会全国健康与发展调查（该调查中，国家养老金领取年龄男性为65岁，女性为60岁），我们通过35年（16至51岁）的工作-家庭模式，研究了60至64岁（男性仅为68至69岁）时的有偿工作情况。女性晚年的工作与组建家庭期间生育孩子的时间和工作的组合有关。与参照组相比（参照组的特征为持续全职就业、结婚且20岁出头就育有子女；调整后的比值比为5.36，95%置信区间为1.84至15.60），晚育的女性在60至64岁时更有可能全职工作。对于那些在51岁之前没有重返工作岗位的人来说，较早成为母亲与60至64岁时工作的可能性较低有关，但那些休过工作假的人与持续工作的人没有差别。提供允许父母兼顾工作和家庭的工作（如兼职工作）可能会鼓励他们延长工作年限。此外，以持续全职工作且无子女为特征的男性和女性在六十多岁时工作的可能性较小。童年健康状况、社会阶层、教育程度、照料情况、住房保有形式或受限疾病并不能解释这些关联。需要开展研究来了解为什么无子女的人在晚年工作较少。
