Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 26;22(9):4518. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094518.
Domestication is a process of selection driven by humans, transforming wild progenitors into domesticated crops. The grapevine ( L.), besides being one of the most extensively cultivated fruit trees in the world, is also a fascinating subject for evolutionary studies. The domestication process started in the Near East and the varieties obtained were successively spread and cultivated in different areas. Whether the domestication occurred only once, or whether successive domestication events occurred independently, is a highly debated mystery. Moreover, introgression events, breeding and intense trade in the Mediterranean basin have followed, in the last thousands of years, obfuscating the genetic relationships. Although a succession of studies has been carried out to explore grapevine origin and different evolution models are proposed, an overview of the topic remains pending. We review here the findings obtained in the main phylogenetic and genomic studies proposed in the last two decades, to clarify the fundamental questions regarding where, when and how many times grapevine domestication took place. Finally, we argue that the realization of the pan-genome of grapes could be a useful resource to discover and track the changes which have occurred in the genomes and to improve our understanding about the domestication.
驯化是一个由人类驱动的选择过程，将野生祖先转变为驯化作物。葡萄（Vitis vinifera L.）除了是世界上广泛种植的果树之一，也是进化研究的迷人主题。驯化过程始于近东，获得的品种相继在不同地区传播和种植。驯化是否仅发生过一次，或者是否发生了多次独立的驯化事件，这是一个备受争议的谜团。此外，在过去的几千年里，地中海盆地的基因渗入事件、杂交和激烈的贸易使得遗传关系变得混乱。尽管已经进行了一系列研究来探索葡萄的起源，并且提出了不同的进化模型，但该主题仍有待概述。我们在这里回顾了过去二十年中提出的主要系统发育和基因组研究的结果，以阐明关于葡萄驯化发生的地点、时间和次数的基本问题。最后，我们认为葡萄泛基因组的实现可能是一个有用的资源，可以发现和跟踪基因组中发生的变化，并提高我们对驯化的理解。
