Karpman Diana, Tontanahal Ashmita
Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2021 Aug 1;171:42-54. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.032. Epub 2021 Apr 29.
Extracellular vesicles can mediate cell-to-cell communication, or relieve the parent cell of harmful substances, in order to maintain cellular integrity. The content of extracellular vesicles includes miRNAs, mRNAs, growth factors, complement factors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors. These may contribute to inflammatory and infectious diseases by the exposure or transfer of potent effectors that induce vascular inflammation by leukocyte recruitment and thrombosis. Furthermore, vesicles release cytokines and induce their release from cells. Extracellular vesicles possess immune modulatory and anti-microbial properties, and induce receptor signaling in the recipient cell, not least by the transfer of pro-inflammatory receptors. Additionally, the vesicles may carry virulence factors systemically. Extracellular vesicles in blood and urine can contribute to the development of kidney diseases or exhibit protective effects. In this review we will describe the role of EVs in inflammation, thrombosis, immune modulation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, renal tubular regeneration and infection. Furthermore, we will delineate their contribution to renal ischemia/reperfusion, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies, IgA nephropathy, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infections and renal transplantation. Due to their content of miRNAs and growth factors, or when loaded with nephroprotective modulators, extracellular vesicles have the potential to be used as therapeutics for renal regeneration.
细胞外囊泡可介导细胞间通讯，或清除母细胞中的有害物质，以维持细胞完整性。细胞外囊泡的内容物包括微小RNA、信使RNA、生长因子、补体因子、细胞因子、趋化因子和受体。这些物质可能通过暴露或转移强效效应物导致炎症和感染性疾病，这些效应物通过白细胞募集和血栓形成诱导血管炎症。此外，囊泡释放细胞因子并诱导其从细胞中释放。细胞外囊泡具有免疫调节和抗菌特性，并在受体细胞中诱导受体信号传导, 尤其是通过促炎受体的转移。此外，这些囊泡可能会全身携带毒力因子。血液和尿液中的细胞外囊泡可能会促进肾脏疾病的发展或发挥保护作用。在这篇综述中，我们将描述细胞外囊泡在炎症、血栓形成、免疫调节、血管生成、氧化应激、肾小管再生和感染中的作用。此外，我们将阐述它们对肾缺血/再灌注、血管炎、肾小球肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、血栓性微血管病、IgA肾病、急性肾损伤、尿路感染和肾移植的影响。由于细胞外囊泡含有微小RNA和生长因子，或者当装载有肾保护调节剂时，它们有潜力被用作肾脏再生的治疗方法。
