Extracellular Vesicles: Opportunities and Challenges for the Treatment of Renal Fibrosis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid-based membrane-bound vesicles secreted by most cells under both physiological and pathological conditions. A key function of EVs is to mediate cell-cell communication via transferring mRNAs, miRNAs and proteins from parent cells to recipient cells. These unique features of EVs have spurred a renewed interest in their utility for therapeutics. Given the growing evidence for EV-mediated renal diseases, strategies that could block the release or uptake of pathogenic EVs will be discussed in this review. Then, the therapeutic potential of EVs predominantly from stem cells in renal diseases will be outlined. Finally, we will focus on the specific application of EVs as a novel drug delivery system and highlight the challenges of EVs-based therapies for renal diseases.