Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
Parasitol Int. 2021 Aug;83:102373. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102373. Epub 2021 Apr 29.
In recent years, several parasites have been shown to interact with their hosts through intra- and inter-community communication mechanisms, which were identified to be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) through various uptake mechanisms. EVs are a heterogenous group of nanoparticles (~30-5000 nm) classified into three main types according to their size and biogenesis. EVs contain proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and metabolites from the cell of origin which are essential for genetic exchange, biomarker identification and diagnosis of pathological diseases. As important "forward lines of parasite infectivity", the parasite-secreted EVs function as information transmitters in the early-stage of host-parasite interaction and subsequent host-cell colonization. For this review, we summarize from the literature the relevance of EVs to the pathogenesis and development of human parasitic protistan diseases such as giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria and Blastocystis-mediated gut pathology. Specific in vitro and in vivo interactions of the parasite-EVs and the host, with the reported cellular and immunological outcomes are discussed in this review. EVs have great potential to be further developed as diagnostic, immunomodulation and therapeutic alternatives to fill the knowledge gaps in the current parasitic diseases discussed in this review. Nanomedicine and vaccine development could be explored, with the utilization and/or modification of the parasitic EVs as novel treatment and prevention strategies.
近年来，已有几种寄生虫被证明通过群落内和群落间的通讯机制与其宿主相互作用，这些机制被确定是通过细胞外囊泡（EVs）通过各种摄取机制介导的。EVs 是一组异质的纳米颗粒（~30-5000nm），根据其大小和生物发生可分为三种主要类型。EVs 包含起源细胞的蛋白质、脂质、核酸和代谢物，对于遗传交换、生物标志物识别和病理疾病的诊断至关重要。作为寄生虫感染力的重要“前沿”，寄生虫分泌的 EVs 在宿主-寄生虫相互作用的早期阶段以及随后的宿主细胞定植中充当信息传递者。在这篇综述中，我们从文献中总结了 EVs 与人类寄生原生动物疾病（如贾第虫病、利什曼病、阿米巴病、疟疾和 Blastocystis 介导的肠道病理学）的发病机制和发展的相关性。本文讨论了寄生虫-EVs 与宿主的具体体外和体内相互作用，以及报道的细胞和免疫学结果。EVs 具有很大的潜力，可以进一步开发为诊断、免疫调节和治疗替代品，以填补本文讨论的当前寄生虫病中的知识空白。可以探索纳米医学和疫苗的发展，利用和/或修饰寄生虫 EVs 作为新的治疗和预防策略。
