Mahallawi Waleed H
Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41541, Saudi Arabia.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Jul;28(7):4055-4061. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.032. Epub 2021 Apr 20.
The emerging coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a worldwide public health crisis. Antibody analysis is an important procedure for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. We investigated the IgG, IgM, and IgA responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 178) in the Al Madinah region, Saudi Arabia, participated in this study. Of the 178 patients, 72 (40%) were categorized as severe, including 50 (69%) males and 22 (31%) females. The remaining106 (60%) patients were categorized as non-severe, including 85 (80%) males and 21 (20%) females. Qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was used to confirm the diagnosis of each patient. The specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in patients' sera were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared between case presentations.
The current study showed that all severe hospitalized patients presented significantly (p < 0.0001) increased anti-S IgG and IgM antibody accumulation compared with non-severe patients. Additionally, the results also showed that 50% of severe males were positive to anti-S IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies, whereas only 40% positivity for all three-antibody isotypes was observed in severe females. The study also showed that 86% of males and 81% of females categorized as severe were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies but negative for the IgA antibody against the S protein.
The humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 proteins commonly results in the production of antibodies against viral proteins. Specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein IgG class antibodies were detected at significantly higher levels than IgM class antibodies, and both IgG and IgM antibodies were detected at significantly higher levels than the IgA antibody among all patients. The variations of the humoral immune responses among hospitalized patients reflect the association between disease presentations and immunity against the virus. Collectively, these findings afford new insights into the different antibody isotypes in responses to COVID-19 hospitalized patients with dissimilar disease severity.
由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染引起的新型冠状病毒2019（COVID-19）疾病是一场全球公共卫生危机。抗体分析是诊断COVID-19患者的重要程序。我们调查了住院COVID-19患者针对SARS-CoV-2刺突（S）蛋白的IgG、IgM和IgA反应。
沙特阿拉伯麦地那地区的住院COVID-19患者（n = 178）参与了本研究。在这178名患者中，72名（40%）被归类为重症，其中包括50名（69%）男性和22名（31%）女性。其余106名（60%）患者被归类为非重症，其中包括85名（80%）男性和21名（20%）女性。采用定性逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测SARS-CoV-2 RNA的存在以确诊每名患者。使用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）测量患者血清中特异性抗SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白IgG、IgM和IgA抗体，并在不同病例表现之间进行比较。
当前研究表明，与非重症患者相比，所有重症住院患者的抗S IgG和IgM抗体积累均显著增加（p < 0.0001）。此外，结果还显示，50%的重症男性抗S IgG、IgM和IgA抗体呈阳性，而重症女性中所有三种抗体亚型的阳性率仅为40%。该研究还表明，被归类为重症的男性中有86%、女性中有81%的IgG和IgM抗体呈阳性，但针对S蛋白的IgA抗体呈阴性。
针对SARS-CoV-2蛋白的体液免疫反应通常会产生针对病毒蛋白的抗体。在所有患者中，检测到的特异性抗SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白IgG类抗体水平显著高于IgM类抗体，且IgG和IgM抗体水平均显著高于IgA抗体。住院患者体液免疫反应的差异反映了疾病表现与抗病毒免疫力之间的关联。总体而言，这些发现为不同疾病严重程度的COVID-19住院患者的抗体反应提供了新的见解。
