Serpell James A
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Apr 15;8:662370. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.662370. eCollection 2021.
The work of archaeozoologists and molecular geneticists suggests that the domestication of the wolf ()-the ancestor of the domestic dog ()-probably occurred somewhere between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago somewhere on the Eurasian continent, perhaps in more than one location. Wolf domestication was therefore underway many millennia before the origins of agriculture and the domestication of food animals, such as sheep and goats. Currently, there are two predominant "origin stories" concerning the domestication of the wolf. The dominant narrative in recent literature is the hypothesis which posits that wolves essentially domesticated themselves by invading ancient human settlements in search of animal remains and other edible waste discarded by hunter-gatherers. Over time, tolerance by humans gave a selective advantage to the bolder, less fearful wolves, which then diverged from the ancestral population as they adapted to the new scavenging niche. At some point in the process, humans also began to recognize the benefits of living with resident, semi-domestic wolves, either as guards or as hunting partners, thereby cementing the relationship. The alternative account of wolf domestication is very different. Sometimes known as the or hypothesis, this narrative draws heavily on anthropological observations of pet keeping among recent hunter-gatherers, and postulates that Paleolithic peoples were similarly inclined to capture, adopt and rear infant mammals, such as wolf pups, and that this habitual human nurturing behavior ultimately provided the basis for the evolution of a cooperative social system involving both species. This review critically examines and analyzes these two distinct domestication narratives and explores the underlying and sometimes erroneous assumptions they make about wolves, Pleistocene humans, and the original relationships that existed between the two species. The paper concludes that the commensal scavenger hypothesis is untenable based on what is known about recent and ancient hunter-gatherer societies, and that wolf domestication was predicated on the establishment of cooperative social relations between humans and wolves based on the early socialization of wolf pups.
考古动物学家和分子遗传学家的研究表明，狼（家犬的祖先）的驯化可能发生在4万至1.5万年前的欧亚大陆某地，或许不止一个地点。因此，狼的驯化早在农业起源和绵羊、山羊等食用动物驯化的数千年前就已开始。目前，关于狼的驯化有两种主要的“起源故事”。近期文献中的主流观点是共生假说，该假说认为狼通过侵入古代人类定居点寻找猎人-采集者丢弃的动物残骸和其他可食用垃圾，从而基本上实现了自我驯化。随着时间的推移，人类的宽容给了更大胆、更不惧怕的狼一种选择优势，这些狼在适应新的 scavenging 生态位时与祖先种群产生了分化。在这个过程中的某个时刻，人类也开始认识到与常驻的半驯化狼生活在一起的好处，比如作为守卫或狩猎伙伴，从而巩固了这种关系。狼驯化的另一种说法则大不相同。这种说法有时被称为 或 假说，它很大程度上借鉴了近期猎人-采集者中养宠物的人类学观察结果，并假设旧石器时代的人们同样倾向于捕捉、收养和饲养幼年哺乳动物，比如狼崽，而这种习惯性人类养育行为最终为涉及两个物种的合作社会系统的进化提供了基础。这篇综述批判性地审视和分析了这两种不同的驯化说法，并探讨了它们对狼、更新世人类以及两个物种之间最初关系所做的潜在且有时错误的假设。论文得出结论，基于对近期和古代猎人-采集者社会的了解，共生 scavenger 假说站不住脚，狼的驯化是基于狼崽的早期社会化在人类和狼之间建立合作社会关系的基础上发生的。
