Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
Microbiome. 2021 May 5;9(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01069-y.
The objective of this study was to increase understanding of the complex interactions between diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome of adult female non-human primates (NHPs). Subjects consumed either a Western (n=15) or Mediterranean (n=14) diet designed to represent human dietary patterns for 31 months. Body composition was determined using CT, fecal samples were collected, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed. Gut microbiome results were grouped by diet and adiposity.
Diet was the main contributor to gut microbiome bacterial diversity. Adiposity within each diet was associated with subtle shifts in the proportional abundance of several taxa. Mediterranean diet-fed NHPs with lower body fat had a greater proportion of Lactobacillus animalis than their higher body fat counterparts. Higher body fat Western diet-fed NHPs had more Ruminococcus champaneliensis and less Bacteroides uniformis than their low body fat counterparts. Western diet-fed NHPs had significantly higher levels of Prevotella copri than Mediterranean diet NHPs. Western diet-fed subjects were stratified by P. copri abundance (P. copri versus P. copri), which was not associated with adiposity. Overall, Western diet-fed animals in the P. copri group showed greater proportional abundance of B. ovatus, B. faecis, P. stercorea, P. brevis, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii than those in the Western P. copri group. Western diet P. copri subjects had a greater proportion of Eubacterium siraeum. E. siraeum negatively correlated with P. copri proportional abundance regardless of dietary consumption. In the Western diet group, Shannon diversity was significantly higher in P. copri when compared to P. copri subjects. Furthermore, gut E. siraeum abundance positively correlated with HDL plasma cholesterol indicating that those in the P. copri population may represent a more metabolically healthy population. Untargeted metabolomics on urine and plasma from Western diet-fed P. copri and P. copri subjects suggest early kidney dysfunction in Western diet-fed P. copri subjects.
In summary, the data indicate diet to be the major influencer of gut bacterial diversity. However, diet and adiposity must be considered together when analyzing changes in abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Interestingly, P. copri appears to mediate metabolic dysfunction in Western diet-fed NHPs. Video abstract.
本研究旨在提高对成年雌性非人类灵长类动物（NHP）饮食、肥胖与肠道微生物组之间复杂相互作用的理解。实验对象连续 31 个月分别摄入西式（n=15）或地中海式（n=14）饮食，这两种饮食旨在代表人类的饮食模式。使用 CT 确定身体成分，收集粪便样本，并进行 shotgun 宏基因组测序。根据饮食和肥胖程度对肠道微生物组结果进行分组。
饮食是肠道微生物组细菌多样性的主要影响因素。每种饮食内的肥胖程度与几个分类群的比例丰度的细微变化有关。体脂较低的地中海饮食喂养的 NHP 中，乳杆菌属动物双歧亚种的比例高于体脂较高的 NHP。体脂较高的西式饮食喂养的 NHP 中，瘤胃球菌属 Ruminococcus champaneliensis 和拟杆菌属 Bacteroides uniformis 的比例低于体脂较低的 NHP。与地中海饮食喂养的 NHP 相比，西式饮食喂养的 NHP 中普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 的水平显著更高。根据 Prevotella copri 的丰度（Prevotella copri 与 Prevotella copri）对西式饮食喂养的 NHP 进行分层，但其与肥胖程度无关。总体而言，普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 丰度较高的西式饮食喂养的动物中，卵形拟杆菌属 Bacteroides ovalis、粪拟杆菌属 Bacteroides ovatus、真杆菌属 Eubacterium siraeum、普氏粪杆菌属 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 和短双歧杆菌属 Bifidobacterium breve 的比例更高，而普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 丰度较低的动物则较少。西式饮食喂养的 Prevotella copri 动物中，另一种拟杆菌属 Parabacteroides distasonis 的比例也更高。Eubacterium siraeum 与 Prevotella copri 的比例丰度呈负相关，而与饮食摄入无关。在西式饮食组中，与 Prevotella copri 相比，普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 组的 Shannon 多样性显著更高。此外，肠道 Eubacterium siraeum 的丰度与高密度脂蛋白（HDL）血浆胆固醇呈正相关，这表明普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 群体可能代表了代谢更健康的人群。对摄入西式饮食的普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 和普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 动物的尿液和血浆进行非靶向代谢组学分析表明，普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 动物可能存在早期肾功能障碍。
总之，数据表明饮食是肠道细菌多样性的主要影响因素。然而，在分析特定细菌分类群丰度的变化时，必须同时考虑饮食和肥胖程度。有趣的是，普雷沃氏菌属 Prevotella copri 似乎介导了西式饮食喂养的 NHP 中的代谢功能障碍。
