Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India.
Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021 Oct;17(5):1666-1694. doi: 10.1007/s12015-021-10168-0. Epub 2021 May 5.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are so far the most widely researched stem cells in clinics and used as an experimental cellular therapy module, particularly in cardiac regeneration and repair. Ever since the discovery of cardiomyogenesis induction in MSCs, a wide variety of differentiation protocols have been extensively used in preclinical models. However, pre differentiated MSC-derived cardiomyocytes have not been used in clinical trials; highlighting discrepancies and limitations in its use as a source of derived cardiomyocytes for transplantation to improve the damaged heart function. Therefore, this review article focuses on the strategies used to derive cardiomyocytes-like cells from MSCs isolated from three widely used tissue sources and their differentiation efficiencies. We have further discussed the role of MSCs in inducing angiogenesis as a cellular precursor to endothelial cells and its secretory aspects including exosomes. We have then discussed the strategies used for delivering cells in the damaged heart and how its retention plays a critical role in the overall outcome of the therapy. We have also conversed about the scope of the local and systemic modes of delivery of MSCs and the application of biomaterials to improve the overall delivery efficacy and function. We have finally discussed the advantages and limitations of cell delivery to the heart and the future scope of MSCs in cardiac regenerative therapy.
间充质干细胞（MSCs）是目前临床研究最广泛的干细胞，被用作实验性细胞治疗模块，特别是在心梗再生和修复方面。自从在 MSCs 中发现心肌发生诱导以来，已经广泛使用了各种分化方案来进行临床前模型研究。然而，预分化的 MSC 衍生的心肌细胞尚未在临床试验中使用；这突出了其作为用于移植以改善受损心脏功能的衍生心肌细胞来源的应用存在差异和局限性。因此，这篇综述文章重点介绍了从三种广泛使用的组织来源中分离的 MSCs 中诱导产生类心肌细胞的策略及其分化效率。我们进一步讨论了 MSCs 在诱导作为内皮细胞前体细胞的血管生成中的作用及其分泌方面，包括外泌体。然后，我们讨论了在受损心脏中输送细胞的策略以及其保留在治疗整体结果中的关键作用。我们还讨论了 MSCs 的局部和全身输送方式的范围以及生物材料的应用，以提高整体输送效率和功能。最后，我们讨论了细胞向心脏输送的优点和局限性，以及 MSCs 在心脏再生治疗中的未来前景。
