Orthographic neighborhood density modulates the size of transposed-letter priming effects.

We used transposed-letter (TL) priming to test the lexical tuning hypothesis, which states that words from high-density orthographic neighborhoods have more precise orthographic codes than words from low-density neighborhoods. Replicating standard TL priming effects, target words elicited faster lexical decision responses and smaller amplitude N250s and N400s when preceded by TL primes (e.g., leomn-LEMON) compared with substitution primes (e.g., leuzn-LEMON) overall. We expected that if high-density words have more precise orthographic representations (i.e., with each letter assigned to a specific position), then they should be relatively less activated by TL primes and should give rise to smaller TL priming effects. In line with our prediction, N250 (but not N400 or behavioral) TL priming was significantly smaller for high-density words compared with low-density words over posterior sites. Such an interaction was not observed for pseudoword targets. Consistent with the lexical tuning hypothesis then, this pattern suggests that the nature of the orthographic code used to access lexical representations differs depending on the number of neighboring words in the lexicon. We conclude by discussing how lexical tuning could be implemented in current models of orthographic processing.