Division of Allergic Diseases and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 May;147(5):1531-1547. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.015.
In the 12 years since the discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), our knowledge of their immunobiology has expanded rapidly. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) respond rapidly to allergen exposure and environmental insults in mucosal organs, producing type 2 cytokines. Early studies showed that epithelium-derived cytokines activate ILC2s, resulting in eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and remodeling of mucosal tissues. We now know that ILC2s are regulated by other cytokines, eicosanoids, and neuropeptides as well, and interact with both immune and stromal cells. Furthermore, ILC2s exhibit plasticity by adjusting their functions depending on their tissue environment and may consist of several heterogeneous subpopulations. Clinical studies show that ILC2s are involved in asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, food allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. However, much remains unknown about the immunologic mechanisms involved. Beneficial functions of ILCs in maintenance or restoration of tissue well-being and human health also need to be clarified. As our understanding of the crucial functions ILCs play in both homeostasis and disease pathology expands, we are poised to make tremendous strides in diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with allergic diseases. This review summarizes discoveries in immunobiology of ILCs and their roles in allergic diseases in the past 5 years, discusses controversies and gaps in our knowledge, and suggests future research directions.
自先天淋巴细胞 (ILC) 被发现以来的 12 年里，我们对其免疫生物学的认识迅速扩展。第 2 组先天淋巴细胞 (ILC2) 对黏膜器官中的过敏原暴露和环境损伤迅速作出反应，产生 2 型细胞因子。早期研究表明，上皮细胞衍生的细胞因子激活 ILC2，导致嗜酸性粒细胞增多、黏液分泌过度和黏膜组织重塑。我们现在知道，ILC2 也受到其他细胞因子、类二十烷酸和神经肽的调节，并且与免疫细胞和基质细胞相互作用。此外，ILC2 根据其组织环境调整其功能，表现出可塑性，并且可能由几个异质亚群组成。临床研究表明，ILC2 参与哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、食物过敏和嗜酸性食管炎。然而，关于涉及的免疫机制仍有许多未知。ILC 在维持或恢复组织健康和人类健康方面的有益功能也需要阐明。随着我们对 ILC 在稳态和疾病发病机制中发挥的关键功能的理解的扩展，我们有望在过敏性疾病的诊断和治疗选择方面取得巨大进展。这篇综述总结了过去 5 年中 ILC 免疫生物学及其在过敏性疾病中的作用的发现，讨论了我们知识中的争议和差距，并提出了未来的研究方向。
