Effect of pre-aeration on the removal of arsenic and iron from natural groundwater in household based ceramic filters.

Maintenance of existing household arsenic (As) removal technologies are comparatively difficult due to the use of the sand beds as a filter. Moreover, pre-aeration of groundwater is avoided during filter operation that may affect the removal efficiency. This study investigated the effect of pre-aeration on the efficacy of simple iron nested ceramic filter (CF) for the removal of As and Fe from the natural groundwater. Five CFs at 5 households in the Bagerhat district of Bangladesh were tested for 31 days with pre-aerated groundwater (AGW system) and non-aerated groundwater (NAGW system). Pe-aeration of groundwater significantly improved (p > 0.5) the removal efficiency of As and Fe in the CFs. The filters effectively removed As in the groundwater from 203 - 231 μg/L to 29-40 μg/L in the AGW system whereas the effluent As were >50 μg/L in the NAGW system. Iron (Fe) was also removed effectively and the overall As and Fe removal efficiency were more than 82% and 99%, respectively in the AGW system. Removal of Mn and PO-P were significantly enhanced achieving more than 56% and 99% removal, respectively in the AGW system. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis indicated that the oxidation of Fe and As(III) and subsequent adoption/precipitation are the main processes controlling the removals of As and Fe in the CFs. Two stages oxidation of Fe and As(III) in the AGW system facilitated to increase As and Fe removal efficiency. The findings of this study suggest that the iron net nested ceramic filters with pre-aeration step is an effective method and can be employed at the household level in As contaminated region.