Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Int Psychogeriatr. 2022 Mar;34(3):229-239. doi: 10.1017/S1041610221000521. Epub 2021 May 10.
The relationship between wisdom and fluid intelligence (Gf) is poorly understood, particularly in older adults. We empirically tested the magnitude of the correlation between wisdom and Gf to help determine the extent of overlap between these two constructs.
Cross-sectional study with preregistered hypotheses and well-powered analytic plan (https://osf.io/h3pjx).
Memory and Aging Center at the University of California San Francisco, located in the USA.
141 healthy older adults (mean age = 76 years; 56% female).
Wisdom was quantified using a well-validated self-report-based scale (San Diego Wisdom Scale or SD-WISE). Gf was assessed via composite measures of processing speed (Gf-PS) and executive functioning (Gf-EF). The relationships of SD-WISE scores to Gf-PS and Gf-EF were tested in bivariate correlational analyses and multiple regression models adjusted for demographics (age, sex, and education). Exploratory analyses evaluated the relationships between SD-WISE and age, episodic memory performance, and dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes on magnetic resonance imaging.
Wisdom showed a small, positive association with Gf-EF (r = 0.181 [95% CI 0.016, 0.336], p = .031), which was reduced to nonsignificance upon controlling for demographics, and no association with Gf-PS (r = 0.019 [95% CI -0.179, 0.216], p = .854). Wisdom demonstrated a small, negative correlation with age (r = -0.197 [95% CI -0.351, -0.033], p = .019), but was not significantly related to episodic memory or prefrontal volumes.
Our findings indicate that most of the variance in wisdom (>95%) is unaccounted for by Gf. The independence of wisdom from cognitive functions that reliably show age-associated declines suggests that it may hold unique potential to bolster decision-making, interpersonal functioning, and other everyday activities in older adults.
智慧与流体智力（Gf）之间的关系尚未得到充分理解，尤其是在老年人中。我们通过实证检验智慧与 Gf 之间的相关程度，以帮助确定这两个结构之间的重叠程度。
具有预先注册假设和强大分析计划的横断面研究（https://osf.io/h3pjx）。
美国加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的记忆与衰老中心。
141 名健康的老年人（平均年龄=76 岁；56%为女性）。
使用经过充分验证的基于自我报告的量表（圣地亚哥智慧量表或 SD-WISE）来量化智慧。Gf 通过加工速度（Gf-PS）和执行功能（Gf-EF）的综合测量来评估。在双变量相关分析和多元回归模型中测试了 SD-WISE 分数与 Gf-PS 和 Gf-EF 的关系，这些模型调整了人口统计学因素（年龄、性别和教育）。探索性分析评估了 SD-WISE 与年龄、情景记忆表现以及磁共振成像上背外侧和腹内侧前额叶皮质体积之间的关系。
智慧与 Gf-EF 呈小的正相关（r = 0.181 [95% CI 0.016, 0.336]，p =.031），但在控制人口统计学因素后，这种相关性不再显著，与 Gf-PS 无关联（r = 0.019 [95% CI -0.179, 0.216]，p =.854）。智慧与年龄呈小的负相关（r = -0.197 [95% CI -0.351, -0.033]，p =.019），但与情景记忆或前额叶体积无显著关系。
我们的研究结果表明，智慧的大部分变异（>95%）无法用 Gf 来解释。智慧与认知功能无关，而认知功能可靠地与年龄相关的下降有关，这表明它可能具有独特的潜力，以增强老年人的决策能力、人际交往能力和其他日常活动。
