Hatakeyama Shingo, Yoneyama Tohru, Tobisawa Yuki, Yamamoto Hayato, Ohyama Chikara
Department of Advanced Blood Purification Therapy, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
Transl Androl Urol. 2021 Apr;10(4):1850-1864. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-964.
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. The application of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has improved the diagnosis and treatment of PC. However, the PSA test has become associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Therefore, there is an unmet need for novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers of PC. Urinary glycoproteins and exosomes are a potential source of PC glycan biomarkers. Urinary glycan profiling can provide noninvasive monitoring of tumor heterogeneity and aggressiveness throughout a treatment course. However, urinary glycan profiling is not popular due to technical disadvantages, such as complicated structural analysis that requires specialized expertise. The technological development of glycan analysis is a rapidly advancing field. A lectin-based microarray can detect aberrant glycoproteins in urine, including PSA glycoforms and exosomes. Glycan enrichment beads can enrich the concentration of -linked glycans specifically. Capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry can detect glycans directory. Many studies suggest potential of urinary glycoproteins, exosomes, and glycosyltransferases as a biomarker of PC. Although further technological challenges remain, urinary glycan analysis is one of the promising approaches for cancer biomarker discovery.
前列腺癌（PC）是全球男性中第二常见的癌症。前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）检测的应用改善了前列腺癌的诊断和治疗。然而，PSA检测已与过度诊断和过度治疗相关联。因此，对前列腺癌新的诊断、预后和预测生物标志物存在未满足的需求。尿糖蛋白和外泌体是前列腺癌聚糖生物标志物的潜在来源。尿聚糖谱分析可以在整个治疗过程中提供对肿瘤异质性和侵袭性的非侵入性监测。然而，由于技术上的缺点，如需要专业知识的复杂结构分析，尿聚糖谱分析并不流行。聚糖分析的技术发展是一个快速发展的领域。基于凝集素的微阵列可以检测尿液中的异常糖蛋白，包括PSA糖型和外泌体。聚糖富集珠可以特异性地富集N-连接聚糖的浓度。毛细管电泳、液相色谱-串联质谱和基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱可以直接检测聚糖。许多研究表明尿糖蛋白、外泌体和糖基转移酶作为前列腺癌生物标志物的潜力。尽管仍然存在进一步的技术挑战，但尿聚糖分析是癌症生物标志物发现的有前途的方法之一。
