Srivatsav Aswin T, Kapoor Shobhna
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
Wadhwani Research Center of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Apr 22;8:640355. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.640355. eCollection 2021.
Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and govern various membrane functions. Lipid organization within membrane plane dictates recruitment of specific proteins and lipids into distinct nanoclusters that initiate cellular signaling while modulating protein and lipid functions. In addition, one of the most versatile function of lipids is the formation of diverse lipid membrane vesicles for regulating various cellular processes including intracellular trafficking of molecular cargo. In this review, we focus on the various kinds of membrane vesicles in eukaryotes and bacteria, their biogenesis, and their multifaceted functional roles in cellular communication, host-pathogen interactions and biotechnological applications. We elaborate on how their distinct lipid composition of membrane vesicles compared to parent cells enables early and non-invasive diagnosis of cancer and , while inspiring vaccine development and drug delivery platforms. Finally, we discuss the use of membrane vesicles as excellent tools for investigating membrane lateral organization and protein sorting, which is otherwise challenging but extremely crucial for normal cellular functioning. We present current limitations in this field and how the same could be addressed to propel a fundamental and technology-oriented future for extracellular membrane vesicles.
脂质是细胞膜的重要组成部分，掌控着各种膜功能。膜平面内的脂质组织决定了特定蛋白质和脂质募集到不同的纳米簇中，这些纳米簇启动细胞信号传导，同时调节蛋白质和脂质的功能。此外，脂质最具多功能性的作用之一是形成各种脂质膜囊泡，以调节包括分子货物的细胞内运输在内的各种细胞过程。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注真核生物和细菌中的各种膜囊泡、它们的生物发生，以及它们在细胞通讯、宿主 - 病原体相互作用和生物技术应用中的多方面功能作用。我们详细阐述了与亲代细胞相比，膜囊泡独特的脂质组成如何实现癌症的早期非侵入性诊断，同时为疫苗开发和药物递送平台提供灵感。最后，我们讨论了膜囊泡作为研究膜侧向组织和蛋白质分选的优秀工具的用途，否则这一研究具有挑战性，但对正常细胞功能极其关键。我们介绍了该领域目前的局限性，以及如何解决这些局限性，以推动细胞外膜囊泡的基础研究和技术导向的未来发展。
