Department of Social Anthropology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Cult Health Sex. 2022 Aug;24(8):1094-1106. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1919317. Epub 2021 May 10.
Even though transgender people continue to experience violence and discrimination in many aspects of life, there has been progressive recognition of their experiences and demands in recent decades. This article analyses the process of claiming civil rights and the evolution of health care for transgender people in Spain, from the mid-1970s to the present day, paying particular attention to the narratives of key actors involved. To this end, three socio-historical periods are identified: (1) the period (the mid-1970s to the early 1990s), characterised by strong social and institutional transphobia and resulting self-care practices; (2) the period (mid-1990s to the 2000s), when demands for health care were institutionalised under a pathological medical model; and (3) the or period (2010s until the present) when identity and bodily autonomy have been re-claimed through a socio-cultural prism that has denounced pathologisation. At each stage, political, social and economic factors intervened at both national and international levels to trigger an ongoing negotiation between transgender movements and dominant social institutions, all within a changing universe of social values.
尽管跨性别者在生活的许多方面仍然经历着暴力和歧视，但近几十年来，他们的经历和诉求已经得到了越来越多的认可。本文分析了西班牙跨性别者争取公民权利的过程和医疗保健的演变，从 20 世纪 70 年代中期到现在，特别关注相关关键行为者的叙述。为此，确定了三个社会历史时期：（1）时期（20 世纪 70 年代中期至 90 年代初），其特点是强烈的社会和制度跨性别恐惧症，以及由此产生的自我保健实践；（2）时期（20 世纪 90 年代中期至 21 世纪初），当健康需求在病理医学模式下得到制度化；（3）时期（21 世纪 10 年代至今），通过谴责病理化的社会文化棱镜，身份和身体自主权得以重新获得。在每个阶段，国家和国际层面的政治、社会和经济因素都介入其中，引发了跨性别运动和主流社会机构之间的持续谈判，所有这些都发生在一个不断变化的社会价值观的宇宙中。
