Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan (R.O.C.).
Water Res. 2021 Jul 1;199:117193. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117193. Epub 2021 Apr 26.
Due to the growing and diverse demands on water supply, exploitation of non-conventional sources of water has received much attention. Since water consumption for irrigation is the major contributor to total water withdrawal, the utilization of non-conventional sources of water for the purpose of irrigation is critical to assuring the sustainability of water resources. Although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate and manage non-conventional water sources, little research has reviewed the suitability of available water technologies for improving water quality, so that water reclaimed from non-conventional supplies could be an alternative water resource for irrigation. This article provides a systematic overview of all aspects of regulation, technology and management to enable the innovative technology, thereby promoting and facilitating the reuse of non-conventional water. The study first reviews the requirements for water quantity and quality (i.e., physical, chemical, and biological parameters) for agricultural irrigation. Five candidate sources of non-conventional water were evaluated in terms of quantity and quality, namely rainfall/stormwater runoff, industrial cooling water, hydraulic fracturing wastewater, process wastewater, and domestic sewage. Water quality issues, such as suspended solids, biochemical/chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, bacteria, and emerging contaminates, were assessed. Available technologies for improving the quality of non-conventional water were comprehensively investigated. The potential risks to plants, human health, and the environment posed by non-conventional water reuse for irrigation are also discussed. Lastly, three priority research directions, including efficient collection of non-conventional water, design of fit-for-purpose treatment, and deployment of energy-efficient processes, were proposed to provide guidance on the potential for future research.
由于对供水的需求不断增长且日益多样化，非常规水源的开发受到了广泛关注。由于灌溉用水是总取水量的主要贡献者，因此将非常规水源用于灌溉对于确保水资源的可持续性至关重要。尽管已经进行了许多研究来评估和管理非常规水源，但很少有研究审查可用水技术对于改善水质的适宜性，以便从非常规供应中回收的水可以成为灌溉的替代水资源。本文系统地概述了法规、技术和管理的各个方面，以使创新技术能够得以应用，从而促进和推动非常规水的再利用。本研究首先回顾了农业灌溉对水量和水质（即物理、化学和生物参数）的要求。从数量和质量两个方面评估了五种非常规水源，分别是雨水/暴雨水径流、工业冷却水、水力压裂废水、工艺废水和生活污水。评估了水质问题，如悬浮物、生化需氧量/化学需氧量、总溶解固体、总氮、细菌和新兴污染物。全面调查了用于改善非常规水水质的可用技术。还讨论了非常规水再用于灌溉对植物、人类健康和环境造成的潜在风险。最后，提出了三个优先研究方向，包括非常规水的高效收集、适用处理的设计和节能工艺的部署，为未来研究的潜力提供了指导。
