Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, United States; Naval Special Warfare Command, United States.
Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States.
Appl Ergon. 2021 Sep;95:103451. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103451. Epub 2021 May 7.
Identify whether contextual information may unintentionally alter decision-making during lethal force training.
Lethal force decisions inherently involve a threat assessment, where an individual learns to identify a threat and use force commensurate to the situation. This decision is ultimately subject to numerous cognitive influences, particularly during training where artificial factors may bias decision-making.
Participants made threat assessments for tasks that presented hostile stimuli (pointing guns) and non-hostile stimuli (holding cell phones). Experiment 1 identified issues in target design by applying scoring rings as cues to targets, whereas Experiment 2 used bullet holes to assess cues due to target reuse. Experiment 3 applied these cues equally to hostile and non-hostile stimuli to prevent a predictive relationship from forming.
Significant cueing effects were observed in both Experiments 1 and 2. For Experiment 3, response times were not impacted by the invalid cues as participants could no longer reliably use the cue to distinguish between hostile and non-hostile stimuli.
Stimulus-related factors can unintentionally create predictive relationships during lethal force training. These predictive factors are problematic because they allow participants to make threat assessments during training in a way that would never be realistic in the field.
Modifications should be made to hostile and non-hostile targets in equal measure to avoid creating an unintentionally predictive relationship that identifies hostile targets. In practice, scoring rings and bullet holes should be added to non-hostile stimuli to better parallel hostile stimuli.
确定情境信息是否会在致命武力训练中无意识地改变决策。
致命武力决策本质上涉及威胁评估，个体需要学会识别威胁并根据情况使用相应的武力。这一决策最终受到众多认知因素的影响，尤其是在训练中，人为因素可能会使决策产生偏差。
参与者对呈现敌对刺激（持枪）和非敌对刺激（持手机）的任务进行威胁评估。实验 1 通过将评分环作为目标线索来识别目标设计中的问题，而实验 2 则使用弹孔来评估由于目标重复使用而产生的线索。实验 3 将这些线索平等地应用于敌对和非敌对刺激，以防止形成预测关系。
实验 1 和实验 2 均观察到显著的线索效应。对于实验 3，由于参与者无法再可靠地使用线索来区分敌对和非敌对刺激，无效线索对反应时间没有影响。
刺激相关因素可能会在致命武力训练中无意识地产生预测关系。这些预测因素存在问题，因为它们允许参与者在训练中进行威胁评估，而这种方式在现实场景中是不可能实现的。
应平等地修改敌对和非敌对目标，以避免无意识地建立识别敌对目标的预测关系。在实践中，应向非敌对刺激添加评分环和弹孔，以更好地与敌对刺激相匹配。
