Slobodová Lucia, Oreská Ľudmila, Schön Martin, Krumpolec Patrik, Tirpáková Veronika, Jurina Peter, Laurovič Jakub, Vajda Matej, Nemec Michal, Hečková Eva, Šoóšová Ivana, Cvečka Ján, Hamar Dušan, Turčáni Peter, Tsai Chia-Liang, Bogner Wolfgang, Sedliak Milan, Krššák Martin, Ukropec Jozef, Ukropcová Barbara
Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Gerontology. 2022;68(2):151-161. doi: 10.1159/000515325. Epub 2021 May 10.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Walking speed (WS) is an objective measure of physical capacity and a modifiable risk factor of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In this study, we (i) determined effects of 3-month supervised aerobic-strength training on WS, muscle strength, and habitual physical activity; (ii) evaluated capacity of long-term (21 months) training to sustain higher WS; and (iii) identified determinants of WS in the elderly.
Volunteers (F 48/M 14, 68.4 ± 7.1 years) completed either 3-month aerobic-strength (3 × 1 h/week, n = 48) or stretching (active control, n = 14) intervention (study A). Thirty-one individuals (F 24/M 7) from study A continued in supervised aerobic-strength training (2 × 1 h/week, 21 months) and 6 (F 5/M 1) became nonexercising controls.
Three-month aerobic-strength training increased preferred and maximal WS (10-m walk test, p < 0.01), muscle strength (p < 0.01) and torque (p < 0.01) at knee extension, and 24-h habitual physical activity (p < 0.001), while stretching increased only preferred WS (p < 0.03). Effect of training on maximal WS was most prominent in individuals with baseline WS between 1.85 and 2.30 m·s-1. Maximal WS measured before intervention correlated negatively with age (r = -0.339, p = 0.007), but this correlation was weakened by the intervention (r = -0.238, p = 0.06). WS progressively increased within the first 9 months of aerobic-strength training (p < 0.001) and remained elevated during 21-month intervention (p < 0.01). Cerebellar gray matter volume (MRI) was positively associated with maximal (r = 0.54; p < 0.0001) but not preferred WS and explained >26% of its variability, while age had only minor effect.
Supervised aerobic-strength training increased WS, strength, and dynamics of voluntary knee extension as well as habitual physical activity in older individuals. Favorable changes in WS were sustainable over the 21-month period by a lower dose of aerobic-strength training. Training effects on WS were not limited by age, and cerebellar cortex volume was the key determinant of WS.
背景/目的：步行速度（WS）是身体能力的客观指标，也是老年人发病和死亡的一个可改变的风险因素。在本研究中，我们（i）确定了为期3个月的有监督的有氧力量训练对步行速度、肌肉力量和日常身体活动的影响；（ii）评估了长期（21个月）训练维持较高步行速度的能力；（iii）确定了老年人步行速度的决定因素。
志愿者（女性48名/男性14名，年龄68.4±7.1岁）完成了为期3个月的有氧力量训练（每周3次，每次1小时，n = 48）或伸展训练（主动对照，n = 14）干预（研究A）。研究A中的31名个体（女性24名/男性7名）继续进行有监督的有氧力量训练（每周2次，每次1小时，共21个月），6名（女性5名/男性1名）成为不运动对照。
为期3个月的有氧力量训练增加了优选步行速度和最大步行速度（10米步行测试，p < 0.01）、肌肉力量（p < 0.01）以及膝关节伸展时的扭矩（p < 0.01），并增加了24小时日常身体活动（p < 0.001），而伸展训练仅增加了优选步行速度（p < 0.03）。训练对最大步行速度的影响在基线步行速度为1.85至2.30米·秒-1的个体中最为显著。干预前测量的最大步行速度与年龄呈负相关（r = -0.339，p = 0.007），但这种相关性因干预而减弱（r = -0.238，p = 0.06）。有氧力量训练的前9个月内步行速度逐渐增加（p < 0.001），并在21个月的干预期间保持升高（p < 0.01）。小脑灰质体积（MRI）与最大步行速度呈正相关（r = 0.54；p < 0.0001），但与优选步行速度无关，且解释了其变异性的>26%，而年龄的影响较小。
有监督的有氧力量训练增加了老年人的步行速度、力量、膝关节主动伸展的动态能力以及日常身体活动。较低剂量的有氧力量训练可使步行速度在21个月内保持有利变化。训练对步行速度的影响不受年龄限制，但小脑皮质体积是步行速度的关键决定因素。
