Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
FEBS J. 2022 Jul;289(13):3666-3691. doi: 10.1111/febs.15910. Epub 2021 May 15.
The intestine is constantly exposed to a dynamic community of microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells respond to microbes through evolutionarily conserved recognition pathways, such as the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway of Drosophila, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response of flies and vertebrates, and the vertebrate nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) pathway. Microbial recognition pathways are tightly controlled to respond effectively to pathogens, tolerate the microbiome, and limit intestinal disease. In this review, we focus on contributions of different model organisms to our understanding of how epithelial microbe recognition impacts intestinal proliferation and differentiation in homeostasis and disease. In particular, we compare how microbes and subsequent recognition by the intestine influences barrier integrity, intestinal repair and tumorigenesis in Drosophila, zebrafish, mice, and organoids. In addition, we discuss the importance of microbial recognition in homeostatic intestinal growth and discuss how immune pathways directly impact stem cell and crypt dynamics.
肠道不断暴露于动态的微生物群落中。肠道上皮细胞通过进化保守的识别途径对微生物作出反应，如果蝇的免疫缺陷（IMD）途径、蝇类和脊椎动物的 Toll 样受体（TLR）反应以及脊椎动物核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域（NOD）途径。微生物识别途径受到严格控制，以有效应对病原体、耐受微生物组并限制肠道疾病。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了不同模式生物对我们理解上皮细胞与微生物的识别如何影响稳态和疾病中的肠道增殖和分化的贡献。特别地，我们比较了微生物及其在果蝇、斑马鱼、小鼠和类器官中的后续识别如何影响屏障完整性、肠道修复和肿瘤发生。此外，我们还讨论了微生物识别在稳态肠道生长中的重要性，并讨论了免疫途径如何直接影响干细胞和隐窝动力学。
