Prolonged or repeated copulation and male longevity in the tick Ixodes rubicundus.

Male Ixodes rubicundus were found in copula with attached females in 59% of individuals. The number of males attaching to the female integument or to the the host negligible. In laboratory experiments, males enclosed with females in a small vial had significantly longer life spans than solitary males. Paired males were found to be in copula on 20-34% of observations. Solitary males lost weight while paired males gained weight over a 2-day period. However, the specific energy content of the 2 groups remained constant.