International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico.
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Oct;28(37):51480-51496. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13975-7. Epub 2021 May 13.
Fertilizer, though one of the most essential inputs for increasing agricultural production, is a leading cause of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, contributing significantly to global warming. Therefore, understanding factors affecting farmers' use of fertilizers is crucial to develop strategies to improve its efficient use and to minimize its negative impacts. Using data from 2528 households across the Indo-Gangetic Plains in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, this study examines the factors affecting farmers' use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for the two most important cereal crops - rice and wheat. Together, these crops provide the bulk of calories consumed in the region. As nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the major source of global warming and other environmental effects, we also examine the factors contributing to its overuse. We applied multiple regression models to understand the factors influencing the use of inorganic fertilizer, Heckman models to understand the likelihood and intensity of organic fertilizer (manure) use, and a probit model to examine the over-use of N fertilizer. Our results indicate that various socio-economic and geographical factors influence the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in rice and wheat. Across the study sites, N fertilizer over-use is the highest in Haryana (India) and the lowest in Nepal. Across all locations, farmers reported a decline in manure application, concomitant with a lack of awareness of the principles of appropriate fertilizer management that can limit environmental externalities. Educational programs highlighting measures to improving nutrient-use-efficiency and reducing the negative externalities of N fertilizer over-use are proposed to address these problems.
肥料虽然是提高农业产量的最重要投入之一，但也是农业氮氧化物排放的主要原因，对全球变暖有重大贡献。因此，了解影响农民使用肥料的因素对于制定提高肥料使用效率和减少其负面影响的策略至关重要。本研究利用印度、尼泊尔和孟加拉国的恒河平原 2528 户家庭的数据，考察了影响农民对两种最重要的谷类作物——水稻和小麦使用有机和无机肥料的因素。这些作物共同提供了该地区大部分消耗的卡路里。由于氮肥是全球变暖及其他环境影响的主要来源，我们还考察了导致其过度使用的因素。我们应用多元回归模型来理解影响无机肥料使用的因素，运用 Hechman 模型来理解有机肥（粪肥）使用的可能性和强度，以及运用概率模型来考察氮肥的过度使用。研究结果表明，各种社会经济和地理因素影响了水稻和小麦中有机和无机肥料的使用。在研究地点中，印度哈里亚纳邦的氮肥过度使用最高，尼泊尔的氮肥过度使用最低。在所有地点，农民报告说粪肥的使用量下降了，同时缺乏对适当肥料管理原则的认识，这些原则可以限制环境的外部性。我们提出了强调提高养分利用效率和减少氮肥过度使用的负面外部性的教育计划，以解决这些问题。
