Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Cognition. 2021 Sep;214:104758. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104758. Epub 2021 May 10.
There has been surprisingly little examination of how recall performance is affected by processing demands induced by retrieval cues, how manipulations at encoding interact with processing demands during maintenance or due to the retrieval cue, and how these are affected with aging. Here, we investigate these relationships by examining the fidelity of working memory recall across two delayed reproduction tasks with a continuous measure of report across the adult lifespan. Participants were asked to remember and subsequently reproduce from memory the identity and location of a probed item from the encoding display. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of filtering irrelevant information at encoding and the impact of filtering distracting information at retrieval simultaneously. In Experiment 2, we tested how ignoring distracting information during maintenance or updating current contents with new information during this period affects recall. The results reveal that manipulating processing requirements induced by retrieval cues (by altering the nature of the retrieval foil) had a significant impact on memory recall: the presence of two previously viewed features from the encoding display in the retrieval foil led to a decrease in identification accuracy. Although irrelevant information can be filtered out well at encoding, both ignoring irrelevant information and updating the contents of memory during the maintenance delay had a detrimental effect on recall. These effects were similar across the lifespan, but older individuals were particularly affected by manipulations of processing demands at encoding as well as increasing set size of information to be retained in memory. Finally, analyses revealed that there were no systematic relationships between filtering performance at encoding, maintenance and retrieval suggesting that these processing demands are independent of each other. Rather than filtering being a single, monolithic entity, the data suggest that it is better accounted for as distinctly dissociable cognitive processes that engage and articulate with different phases of working memory.
令人惊讶的是，很少有人研究回忆表现是如何受到检索线索引起的处理需求的影响的，编码时的操作如何与维持过程中的处理需求相互作用，或者由于检索线索而相互作用，以及这些是如何随着年龄的增长而受到影响的。在这里，我们通过检查两个延迟再现任务中的工作记忆再现的保真度来研究这些关系，这些任务在整个成年期都有连续的报告。参与者被要求记住并随后从记忆中再现被探测项目的身份和位置，这些项目来自编码显示。在实验 1 中，我们研究了在编码时过滤无关信息的效果，以及在检索时同时过滤干扰信息的影响。在实验 2 中，我们测试了在维持或更新期间忽略干扰信息或用新信息更新当前内容如何影响回忆。结果表明，操纵检索线索引起的处理需求（通过改变检索掩蔽的性质）对记忆回忆有显著影响：在检索掩蔽中出现编码显示中的两个先前查看的特征会导致识别准确性下降。尽管无关信息可以在编码时很好地过滤掉，但忽略无关信息和在维持延迟期间更新记忆内容都会对回忆产生不利影响。这些影响在整个生命周期中都相似，但老年人特别受到编码时处理需求以及增加要保留在记忆中的信息集大小的操作的影响。最后，分析表明，在编码、维持和检索时的过滤性能之间没有系统关系，这表明这些处理需求彼此独立。数据表明，过滤不是一个单一的、整体的实体，而是更好地被认为是截然不同的认知过程，这些过程与工作记忆的不同阶段相互作用和协调。
