Kesarwani Ashwani, Nagpal Puja S, Chhabra H S
Department of Basic Research, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, New Delhi, India.
Medical Director and Chief of Spine Unit, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, New Delhi, India.
J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Apr 8;17:273-279. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.04.001. eCollection 2021 Jun.
Pressure injury (PI) is a potentially serious condition that is often a consequence of other medical illnesses. It remains a challenge for the clinicians and the researcher to fully understand and develop a technique for comprehending pathogenicity, prevention and treatment. Several animal models have been created to understand the multifaceted cellular and biochemical processes of PI. There are numerous known intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the recovery of PI. Some of the important factors are friction, spinal cord injury, diabetes, nutrition, aging, infection, medication, obesity and vascular diseases. The dearth of optimal, pre-clinical animal models capable of mimicking the human PI remains a major challenge for its cure. An ideal animal model must endeavour the reproducibility, clinical significance, and most importantly effective translation into clinical use.
In this current systematic review, a methodological literature review was conducted on the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/Medline, Research Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched. We conferred the animal models like mice, rats, pigs and dogs used in the PI experiments between January 1980 to January 2021. Typically, methods like Ischemia-reperfusion (IR), monoplegia pressure sore and mechanical non-invasive have been discussed. These were used to generate pressure injuries in small and large animal models.
Different animal models (mouse, rat, pig, dog) were evaluated based on ease of handling, availability for research, their size, skin type and the technical skills required. Studies suggest that mice and rats are the best-suited animals as their skin healing by contraction resembles the skin healing in humans. In most of the studies with mice and rats, the time taken for the recovery was between 1 and 3 weeks. Further, various techniques discussed in the current systematics review, supports the statement that the Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) method is the most suited method to study pressure injury. It is a controlled method that can develop different stages of PI and does not require any specialized setup for the application.
压力性损伤（PI）是一种潜在的严重病症，通常是其他疾病的后果。对于临床医生和研究人员而言，全面理解并开发一种理解其发病机制、预防和治疗的技术仍然是一项挑战。为了理解压力性损伤多方面的细胞和生化过程，已经创建了几种动物模型。有许多已知的内在和外在因素会影响压力性损伤的恢复。一些重要因素包括摩擦、脊髓损伤、糖尿病、营养、衰老、感染、药物、肥胖和血管疾病。缺乏能够模拟人类压力性损伤的最佳临床前动物模型仍然是其治愈的主要挑战。理想的动物模型必须具备可重复性、临床意义，最重要的是能够有效地转化为临床应用。
在本次系统评价中，按照PRISMA指南进行了方法学文献综述。检索了PubMed/Medline、Research Scholar和ScienceDirect数据库。我们查阅了1980年1月至2021年1月期间用于压力性损伤实验的小鼠、大鼠、猪和狗等动物模型。通常，讨论了缺血再灌注（IR）、单瘫性压疮和机械非侵入性等方法。这些方法用于在小型和大型动物模型中产生压力性损伤。
根据操作的难易程度、研究的可及性、动物的大小、皮肤类型和所需的技术技能，对不同的动物模型（小鼠、大鼠、猪、狗）进行了评估。研究表明，小鼠和大鼠是最适合的动物，因为它们通过收缩进行皮肤愈合类似于人类的皮肤愈合。在大多数关于小鼠和大鼠的研究中，恢复所需的时间为1至3周。此外，本次系统评价中讨论的各种技术支持了缺血再灌注（IR）方法是研究压力性损伤最适合方法的说法。它是一种可控方法，可以发展压力性损伤的不同阶段，并且不需要任何专门的应用设置。
