Jantan Ibrahim, Rohani Ade Sri, Sumantri Imam Bagus
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 30;12:643119. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643119. eCollection 2021.
species (family: Zingiberaceae) are widely utilized in traditional medicine to treat diverse immune-related disorders. There have been many scientific studies on their immunomodulating effects to support their ethnopharmacological uses. In this review, the efficacy of six species, namely, L., Roxb, Valeton & Zijp, Roxb. (Christm.) Roscoe, and Roxb., and their bioactive metabolites to modulate the immune system, their mechanistic effects, and their potential to be developed into effective and safe immunomodulatory agents are highlighted. Literature search has been carried out extensively to gather significant findings on immunomodulating activities of these plants. The immunomodulatory effects of species were critically analyzed, and future research strategies and appropriate perspectives on the plants as source of new immunomodulators were discussed. Most of the pharmacological investigations to evaluate their immunomodulatory effects were and experiments on the crude extracts of the plants. The extracts were not chemically characterized or standardized. Of all the species investigated, the immunomodulatory effects of were the most studied. Most of the bioactive metabolites responsible for the immunomodulating activities were not determined, and mechanistic studies to understand the underlying mechanisms were scanty. There are limited clinical studies to confirm their efficacy in human. Of all the bioactive metabolites, only curcumin is undergoing extensive clinical trials based on its anti-inflammatory properties and main use as an adjuvant for the treatment of cancer. More in-depth studies to understand the underlying mechanisms using experimental animal models of immune-related disorders and elaborate bioavailability, preclinical pharmacokinetics, and toxicity studies are required before clinical trials can be pursued for development into immunomodulatory agents.
姜科植物在传统医学中被广泛用于治疗各种与免疫相关的疾病。关于它们的免疫调节作用已有许多科学研究来支持其民族药理学用途。在本综述中，重点介绍了六种植物，即[具体植物名称1]、[具体植物名称2]、[具体植物名称3]、[具体植物名称4]、[具体植物名称5]和[具体植物名称6]及其生物活性代谢产物调节免疫系统的功效、其作用机制以及开发成有效且安全的免疫调节药物的潜力。已广泛进行文献检索以收集有关这些植物免疫调节活性的重要发现。对[植物名称]的免疫调节作用进行了批判性分析，并讨论了将这些植物作为新免疫调节剂来源的未来研究策略和适当观点。大多数评估其免疫调节作用的药理学研究是对植物粗提物进行的体外和体内实验。提取物未进行化学表征或标准化。在所有研究的[植物名称]中，[具体植物名称]的免疫调节作用研究最多。负责免疫调节活性的大多数生物活性代谢产物尚未确定，且了解潜在机制的机制研究很少。仅有有限的临床研究来证实它们在人体中的疗效。在所有生物活性代谢产物中，只有姜黄素因其抗炎特性和作为癌症治疗佐剂的主要用途而正在进行广泛的临床试验。在进行临床试验以开发成免疫调节药物之前，需要使用免疫相关疾病的实验动物模型进行更深入的研究以了解潜在机制，并进行详细的生物利用度、临床前药代动力学和毒性研究。
