非法毒品市场对国家休闲大麻法律的反应。
Illegal drug market responses to state recreational cannabis laws.
机构信息
Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.
Department of Business Administration, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
出版信息
Addiction. 2021 Dec;116(12):3433-3443. doi: 10.1111/add.15517. Epub 2021 May 17.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
In the United States, 15 states and the District of Columbia have implemented recreational cannabis laws (RCLs) legalizing recreational cannabis use. We aimed to estimate the association between RCLs and street prices, potency, quality and law enforcement seizures of illegal cannabis, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, amphetamine and alprazolam.
DESIGN
We pooled crowdsourced data from 2010-19 Price of Weed and 2010-19 StreetRx, and administrative data from the 2006-19 System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE) and the 2007-19 National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS). We employed a difference-in-differences design that exploited the staggered implementation of RCLs to compare changes in outcomes between RCL and non-RCL states.
SETTING AND CASES
Eleven RCL and 40 non-RCL US states.
MEASURES
The primary outcome was the natural log of prices per gram, overall and by self-reported quality. The primary policy was an indicator of RCL implementation, defined using effective dates.
FINDINGS
The street price of cannabis decreased by 9.2% [β = -0.092; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.15-, -0.03] in RCL states after RCL implementation, with largest declines among low-quality purchases (β = -0.195; 95% CI = -0.282, -0.108). Price declines were accompanied by a 93% (β = -0.93; 95% CI = -1.51, -0.36) reduction in law enforcement seizures of cannabis in RCL states. Among illegal opioids, including heroin, oxycodone and hydrocodone, street prices increased and law enforcement seizures decreased in RCL states.
CONCLUSIONS
Recreational cannabis laws in US states appear to be associated with illegal drug market responses in those states, including reductions in the street price of cannabis. Changes in the street prices of illegal opioids analyzed may suggest that in states with recreational cannabis laws the markets for other illegal drugs are not independent of legal cannabis market regulation.
背景和目的
在美国，有 15 个州和哥伦比亚特区已经实施了娱乐用大麻合法化法律（RCL）。我们旨在评估 RCL 与街头价格、效力、质量以及非法大麻、冰毒、可卡因、海洛因、羟考酮、氢可酮、吗啡、安非他命和阿普唑仑的执法缉获量之间的关联。
设计
我们从 2010-19 年的“大麻价格”（Price of Weed）和 2010-19 年的“街头 Rx”（StreetRx）中汇集了众包数据，以及从 2006-19 年的“从毒品证据中检索信息系统”（System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence，STRIDE）和 2007-19 年的“国家法医实验室信息系统”（National Forensic Laboratory Information System，NFLIS）中获取的行政数据。我们采用了差异中的差异设计，利用 RCL 的交错实施来比较 RCL 州和非 RCL 州之间结果的变化。
设置和案例
11 个 RCL 州和 40 个非 RCL 州。
措施
主要结果是每克价格的自然对数，总体和按自我报告的质量。主要政策是 RCL 实施的指标，使用生效日期来定义。
发现
在 RCL 实施后，RCL 州的大麻街头价格下降了 9.2%（β=-0.092；95%置信区间[CI]：-0.15，-0.03），其中低质量购买的降幅最大（β=-0.195；95%CI：-0.282，-0.108）。价格下降伴随着 RCL 州执法部门对大麻缉获量减少了 93%（β=-0.93；95%CI：-1.51，-0.36）。在包括海洛因、羟考酮和氢可酮在内的非法阿片类药物中，RCL 州的街头价格上涨，执法缉获量下降。
结论
美国各州的娱乐用大麻法似乎与这些州的非法毒品市场反应有关，包括大麻街头价格的降低。分析的非法阿片类药物的街头价格变化可能表明，在有娱乐用大麻法的州，其他非法药物的市场与合法大麻市场的监管并非相互独立。
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